Mechanisms
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What mechanisms react with a nucleophile and a halogenoalkane?
Nucleophillic Substitution and Elimination
What nucleophiles are used in nucleophilic substitution?
:OH- :CN- :NH3
What nucleophile is used in elimination?
:OH- (from KOH of NaOH)
Conditions of nucleophilic substitution
Aqueous solvent Primary halogenoalkane
Conditions of elimination
Secondary/ tertiary halogenoalkanes ethanolic solvent high temperatures
What mechanism reacts an alkene with an electrophile?
Electrophilic addition
Electrophiles used in electrophilic addition
HBr Br2 H2SO4
What mechanism reacts an aldehyde/ ketone with a nucleophile?
Nucleophillic addition
What nucleophile is used in nucleophilic addition?
:CN- H+ from water, a weak acid or H2SO4
What mechanism reacts an acyl- chloride with a nucleophile?
Nucleophilic addition- elimination
What nucleophiles are used in nucleophilic addition- elimination?
Water, alcohol, ammonia, amines
What mechanism reacts benzene with an electrophile?
Electrophilic substitution
What electrophiles are used in electrophilic substitution?
NO2+ and +C=O-CnH2n
What reagents form NO2+
Conc HNO3 and conc H2SO4
What overall equation forms NO2+
HNO3+H2SO4 –> NO2+ + HSO4- +H2O
What 2 equations form NO2+ from H2SO4?
HNO3+H2SO4 –> H2NO3+ +HSO4- H2NO3+ –> NO2+ +H2O
What reaction is an alkene + H2
Hydrogenation
What are the reagents and conditions needed for hydrogenation?
H2 and Ni
Reagents and conditions to form phenylamine from nitrobenzene
Sn/ conc HCl/ heat NaOH
What 2 equations show phenylamine being formed from nitrobenzene?
C6H5NO2 + 7H+ + 6e- –> C6H5NH3+ +2H2O C6H5NH3+ + OH- —> C6H5NH2 + H2O Electrons in eq 1 come from Sn and H+ comes from HCl