Finals

It is represented by the Centaurus: it is a combination of coercion and consent. Consent is generated by a hegemonic ideology that provides basis for legitimization of political decisions ad acquiescence in a society. Coercion’s costs are reduced by consent. Coercion is only actualized in case of disruption, as citizens usually obey consciously or unconsciously because of ideological beliefs and motives.

Institutional political participation vs Non-institutional political participation

He believed all political activity is contentious as “practices, discourses and institutions that seek to establish a certain order and to organize human coexistence in conditions that are always potentially conflictual”

Contentious politics are episodic, public, collective interactions among makers of claims and their objects when at least one government is a claimant, an object of claims or a party of the claims, and when the claim is realized it affects at least one claimant

features of regimes and institutions that facilitate or inhibit political collective acction

Multiplicity of independent centers of power, relative closure or openness to new actors, instability or stability of current political alignments, availability of influential allies or supporters, extent to which regime represses or facilitates claim making, decisive changes in these properties

relatively familiar or standardized ways in which one set of political actors make collective claims on some other set of political actors, linking a claimant to an object of claims

when the relations between claimant and objects are routinized into pairs. They refer to arrays of performances that are currently known and are available within some set of political actors

Performances usually allow for innovation but usually within the limits set by the repertoire. These practices can also become the object of ritualization

Demonstrations on March 8 (Women’s Rights Day) , Labour Day

“Social movement consists of a sustained challenge to power holders in the name of a population living under the jurisdiction of those power holders by means of public displays of that population’s worthiness, unity, numbers and commitment”

Political, organized, sustained and collective public displays or mobilizations

Social movements seek to promote or resist social change and they always involve interactions among claimants, objects of claims, and a public of some kind

Synthesis of campaigns (sustained, organized public effort making collective claims on targeted authorities). repertoires, and public self-representation (comes into being through unity, numbers, worthiness, and commitment; aiming at building an identity for the movement)

Focuses on individual rational choices. Albert O Hirschman explains contestation as a possible strategy to express discontent among three possibilities: voice, exit and loyalty. Loyalty: resigned acceptance of shortcomings of the decision which remain powerful enough to sustain discontent Voice: expressing discontent against poor performance Exit: withdrawal or departure

Withdrawal of MPs after Brexit

Voice corresponds to social movements and it can be seen as a sign of political vitality and a valuable source of feedback. Too much loyalty prevents an organization from correcting itself while too much exit can empty yhe movement from its stregth

Collective action should be triggered when participants see it as advantageous, however, this is not always the case. This can be explained by a discrepancy between individual and collective interests (free riders). Negative and positive incentives can be applied to correct this problem

Revolutions are prone to happen when a period of improvement is followed by a sharp worsening of circumstances

relative deprivation theory argues movements are more likely to occur when people perceive an unbearable gap between their expectations and reality. This can take the form of progressive, decremental or aspirational change

all social movements rely on per-existent networks of solidarity, which he conceive as structures determining the behavior of social movements

According to his theory, Model E (mobilization is brief, violent and poorly organized) which is (Links to the Authorities: Segmented i.e. absence of institutionalized relays calls for stronger mobilization to be heard; Links within the Group: Atomized Model) is the most violent such as uprisings in American ghettos in the 1960s

Links to Authorities: Integrated i.e. institutionalized relays can guarantee a peaceful way to voice claims but can also lead to blockages; Links within the Group: Associative Model -> Model C which is voicing claims through existing orgnizations

social movements are rather determined by the evolution of the historical structures. the rise of the nation state and the industrial revolution replaced traditional authority structures, placing the state at the central object of claims