Musculoskeletal PT2
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Card preview (13)
Outline fixed/fibrous joints
Very stable & allow no observable movement Bones often joined by strong fibres called sutures
Outline cartilaginous/slightly moveable joints
Joined by tough, fibrous cartilage usually provides shock absorption
Outline synovial/freely moveable joints
Joint enclosed in fibrous joint capsule lined with synovial membrane When bones contact each other they’re lined with smooth yet hard-wearing hyaline/articular cartilage
Outline hinge joints
Uniaxial joint allowing movement in 1 plane - strong ligaments prevent sideways movement Flexion & extension Elbow & Knee
Outline pivot joints
Uniaxial - only allows rotation Rotation Neck
Outline condyloid/ellipsoid joints
Biaxial - allowing movement in 2 planes Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction Wrist
Outline gliding joints
Formed where flat surfaces glide past one another Mainly biaxial but may permit movement in all directions Foot & carpal bones in wrist
Outline saddle joints
Biaxial & occurs where concave & convex surfaces meet Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction Thumb
Outline ball & socket joints
Allows widest range of movement & occurs where rounded head of bone fits into cup-shaped cavity ALL Hip & shoulder
Outline the difference between response & adaption
Response = immediate/short term Adaption = long term
Outline the short term effects of training on the skeletal system
-Increased synovial fluid production - lubricates & mobilises joints, reducing risk of damage to cartilage, bones & ligaments -Synovial fluid produced reduces impact of exercise on joint & increases ROM -Body temperature increases - muscles & connective tissues warmer - stretch further & increase in blood flow -Encourages formation of new bones to form - high impact activities cause bones slight damage. Osteoblasts travel from bone marrow to surface of bone to create lining, converting to osteocytes embedding into bone & calcify
Outline some positive effects (adaptations) of long-term exercise
Improved bone density (criss-cross matrix) Reduced risk of osteoporosis Increased tensile strength of ligaments to joints associated Protects against stress fractures, sprains & dislocations in young athletes Increased muscle tone, improves posture
Outline some negative effects (adaptations) of long-term exercise
Repetitive physical activity can cause stress fractures Performing activities with poor technique may cause issues with joint pain Young athletes could develop shin splints/Osgood Schlatter’s disease, preventing them from participating in physical activity Tendinitis from continuous training at young age