CHEMISTRY EXAM GRADE 11
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what is an isotope
atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Therefor their atomic mass is different
what are radioisotopes
isotopes that are radioactive. Their nuclei are unstable and decay over time, emitting radiation
what is the formula for average atomic mass
AAM= (% I1) (mass I1) + (% I2) (mass I2)
what is atomic radius
the distance from the nucleus to the outermost edge (valence shell)
Atomic radius trend as you go down a group
As we go down a group the atomic radius increases there are more shells as we go down, therefor more shielding electrons, so the valence electrons feel less attraction to the nucleus.
Atomic radius trend as we go across the period
as we go across a period the atomic radius decreases, there are more protons, therefor the valence electrons feels more attraction to the nucleus.
What is ionization energy
The amount of energy required to remove a valance electron from an atom
Noble gases ionization energy
Noble gases have very high ionization energy noble gases have a small atomic radius and full shells therefore a lot of energy is needed to remove an electron
Going down a group ionization energy
Going down the group the ionization energy decreases because the atomic radius increases so there are more shielding electrons so the valence electrons feel less attraction to the nucleus. therefore less energy required to remove an electron
Going across the period ionization energy
Going across the period the ionization energy increases because the atomic radius decreases and there’s a lot of protons so the valence electrons feel a strong attraction to the nucleus. Therefore higher energy is needed to remove an electron
name the 7 diatomic elements
-Hydrogen (g) -Oxygen (g) -Fluorine (g) -Bromine (l) -Iodine (s) -Nitrogen (g) -Chlorine (g)
Name the covalent compound prefixes (these compounds contain two non-metals)
1-mono 2- di 3- tri 4-tetra 5-penta 6-hexa 7-hepta 8-octa 9-nona 10-deca
how do you know if the overall and molecular geometry is linear in VSEPR
2 bonding pairs 0 lone pairs bonding angle= 180°
how do you know if the overall and molecular geometry is trigonal planar in VSEPR
3 bonding pairs 0 lone pairs bonding angle= 120°
how do you know if the over all geometry is trigonal planar but the molecular geometry is bent/angular in VSEPR
2 bonding pairs 1 lone pair bonding angle= 120°
how do you know if the overall and molecular geometry is tetrahedral
4 bonding pairs 0 lone pairs bonding angle = 109.5° (with triangle and 3 lines)
how do you know if the over all geometry is tetrahedral but the molecular geometry is trigonal pyramidal
3 bonding pairs 1 lone pair bonding angle= 107° (with triangle and 3 lines)
how do you know if the over all geometry is tetrahedral but the molecular geometry is bent/angular
2 bonding pairs 2 lone pairs bonding angle = 104.5° lp-lp = most repulsion = smallest angle
What type of IMF does non-polar compounds have
London Dispersion forces only
Are non-polar compounds soluble in water?
No, since water is polar, nonpolar won’t mix (oil & water).
Do non-polar compounds conduct electricity in water?
No, cannot dissolve in water and no charges.
What are the melting/boiling points of non-polar compounds?
usally low but if the compound is really large it will have a higher mp/bp
What states can non-polar compounds exist in at room temp?
Gas, liquid, or solid
What type of IMF do polar compounds have?
Dipole - dipole sometimes hydrogen bonds LDF