Chapter 12 - Genomes and Biotechnology

The genetic material of an organism, cell, nucleus, organelle, or virus

A selective and highly sensitive method for making copies of a piece of DNA molecules to be replicated into as many copies as desired

In PCR technology, to copy or replicate a segment of DNA many times

Short strech of nucleic acids in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the primer sequence produced by chemical synthesis, which is typically 20-39 nucleotides long

the unfolding of proteins by chemical treatment or high temperature. Or the sperperation of paired, complementary strands of nucleic acid

The coming together of complementary strands of single-stranded nucleic acids by base pairng

The step in which the reation mixture is heated to the optimal temperature for DNA polymerase and the polymerase elongates each primer with the deoxynucleosides triphospates

A technique that is used to seperate DNA, RNA, or proteins based on size and or charge, using an electric current passed through a jelly-like substance

Any one of a class of enzyme that recgonizes specific, short nucleotide sequences in double-stranded DNA and cleaves DNA at or near these sites

A recognition sequence in DNA cutting that the restriction enzymes cleave

The base pairing of complementary single-stranded nucleic acids to form a duplex; the opposite of denaturation

A labeled DNA fragment that can be tracked in a procedure.

DNA molecule from two or more different sources combined in a single molecule

A DNA molecule produced by reverse transcriptase from an RNA template

In recombinant DNA, a carrier of the donor fragment, ususally a plasmid

In bacteria, a small circular molecule of DNA carrying a small number og genes that replicates independantly of the DNA in the bacterium’s circular chromosome

A complex of DNA and proteins that gives chromosomes their structure; chromatin fibers are either 30nm in diameter or, in a relaxed state, 10 nm.

A beadlike repeating unit of histone proteins wrapped with DNA making up the 10nm chromatin fiber

a level of DNA packing in which DNA is wrapped around a set of eight histone proteins, forming a nucleosome fiber, named for its diameter

the next leve of DNA packing in which the chromatin is more tightly coiled

A supporting protein structure in a metaphase chromosome