Diabetes

Buguanides (metformin) Sulfonylureas (glicazide and glipiside) Thizolidinediones (rosiglitazone, pioglotazone) A-glycosidase inhibitors (acarbose, voglibose) DPP4 inhibitor

Insulin sensitivity, body not producing enough insulin or body isn’t using it correctly

Alpha create glucagon Beta create insulin

Is complete destruction of the beta cells of the endocrine portion of the pancreas - islet of langerhans

Glycogen - glucose

Glucose - glycogen

Fatty acid - ketones use of stored energy from cells Insulin maintains usually, if not enough they roam freely in the blood

<6mmol 4.4-5.6mmol

Average of glucose level over 10-12 weeks

Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, lethargy, fatigue, blurred vision, younger patient, ketoacidosis, fruity smelling breath

Hypovolemia, hyperglycaemia, dehydration, glucosuria over a longer period of time than DKA

Isophane

Fast acting taken around time of eating often called Humalog

Rapid acting insulin

reactions involving degradation, synthesis and transformation of energy rich organic molecules. During digestion, molecules are broken down into smaller, absorbable subunits –> monosaccharides (glucose) which are absorbed in the bloodstream.

Islets of Langerhans containing alpha cells for glucagon and beta cells for insulin and amylin

Delays gastric emptying and suppresses glucagon post meals

is the main source of energy for most body cells, levels are maintained by pancreas hemostasis by endocrine portion.

promotes insulin release from beta cells of the pancreas

binds to kinase receptors and stimulates glucose uptake from blood GLUC2 transporter, stimulating glycogen formation (glycogenesis) in the liver to decrease glucose output and decrease BGL

promotes alpha cells to release glucagon from endocrine pancreas which is transported by GLUC2 transporter to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen = glycogenolysis

Suppresses hepatic glucose release and increases peripheral uptake of glucose

Summon insulin / stimulate B cell secretion

increase the effect of insulin especially on muscle and fat cells, increase peripheral uptake of glucose