Alkanes and Crude Oil (TOPIC 3)
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What is a Hydrocarbon?
A compound containing Hydrogen and Compound atoms only.
What is the Empirical Formula?
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.
What is the Homologous Series?
A group of organic compounds with the same general formula and whose members differ from the next by a CH2 group. Members of the same Homologous series have a trend in physical and similar chemical properties. Same functional group Members differ from the next by CH2 group React similarly
What is Isomerism?
Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different displayed formulae
What is the general formula for Alkanes?
CnH2n+2
Why are alkanes classed as saturated hydrocarbons
because their carbons are single-bonded.
What is fuel?
A substance when burnt releases heat energy.
What are the products of complete combustion?
Hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
What are the products of incomplete combustion?
Hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon monoxide + carbon + water
Why is Carbon Monoxide dangerous?
It combines with red blood cells and limits the capacity of oxygen being transferred around the body.
How does Nitrogen OXide form and what are the problems of this?
Heat from the engine cause Nitrogen + oxygen in the air to burn this can cause acid rain
How does Sulfur dioxide form and what are the problems of this?
Caused by the burning of fuels containing sulfur Causes acid rain
What are the issues of Acid Rain?
Damages buildings Acid rains cause lakes to become acidic and as a result plants and aquatic life die
Describe the separation technique - Simple Distillation
Used for separating out solutions. Heat the solution and the part that has the lowest boiling point will evaporate. The vapor is cooled and condensed in the condenser. The rest of the solution is left behind in the flask.
Describe the separation technique - Fractional Distillation
Used for separating mixtures eg. crude oil Heat the mixture, the part with the lowest boiling point will evaporate first and will rise up the fractionating column. When you have collected this fraction you increase the temperature and the part with the next lowest boiling point will rise etc…
What is Crude Oil?
A complex mixture of Hydrocarbons
How is Crude Oil seperated into its different fractions?
Using a fractionating column that is cooler at the top than at the bottom so when it is heated the vapor rises and when it reaches a part cooler than its boiling point it condenses into their different fractions.
What are the names and uses of the differnet crude oil fractions.
Starting at the bottom: Bitumen - used to surface roads Fuel Oil - Uses as fuel on larger ships and in some power stations Diesel - Used as a fuel in some cars and larger veichles Kerosene - fuel in aircrafts Gasoline - Used as a fuel in cars Refinery Gases - Used in domestic cooking and heating
What is the trend in colour boiling point and viscosity in the main fractions?
Boiling point decreases as you go up the fraction viscosity decreases as you go up the fraction Colour is darkest at the bottom and lightest at the top