Hearing
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Hearing typically involves:
sending signals through auditory nerves to specific regions of brain
hearing organ sections are:
distinct
What determines the sounds animals can hear?
the size and shape of the hearing organs
Hearing with a dedicated organ evolved multiple times in…
metazoa
Examples of hearing with dedicated organ:
insects fish tetrapods
The structures of these ears aren’t fully homologous but…
some genes involved in the development are homologous
Fish hear using an…
an otolith and small bones (Weberian ossicles) near swim bladder.
Otolith:
made of calcium carbonate, can be used to age fish
Fish tend to hear ________ sounds
low-frequency
Humans vs Fish
20-20,000 hz to 800-4,000 hz
Fish can also hear using what system?
lateral line system
How do humans affect hearing in aquatic organisms?
Noise pollution: unwanted or disturbing sound that can harm the health of people or animals and quality of environment.
transition to land (hearing adaption):
acoustic sound production likely evolved before terrestrial vertebrates could hear (couldn’t even hear noises they were making)
Many tetrapods have a:
tympanum (ear drum)
In amphibians, which organisms have a tympanum?
only anurans (frogs and toads)
many reptiles have a:
single ear bone
snakes don’t have visible ears but they have:
inner ears (hear lower frequencies)
what bone connects to jawbone?
columella bone
Birds have external ear openings called:
elongated cochlea (narrower range of frequencies)
Therian mammals, besides monotremes, have…
coiled cochlea (increases range of hearing, three ear bones)
Monotremes do not have a…
coiled cochlea
what organ evolved many times in insects?
tympanal organ
Tympanal organs are on the legs in many:
orthopterans (katydids, crickets, grasshoppers, etc.)
Tympanal organs are on the abdomens of many…
hemipterans (true bugs) and lepidopterans (butterflies and moths)