Ch. 6: Identity and Personality
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self-concept
who YOU think you are –> sum of all identities
self-schema
self-given labels with certain associated qualities
identity
individual components that build larger self-concept
gender identity
appraisal of self on scales of masculinity and femininity not extremes on one scale, but two separate scales
androgyny
state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine
undifferentiation
state of being simultaneously not very masculine and not very feminine (low scores both scales)
gender schema
key components of gender identity are transmitted through cultural and social means
ethnic identity
belonging to an ethnic group with shared ancestry, heritage, and language
nationality
identity based on political boarders (history, media, cuisine, national symbols) rather than ethnicity or citizenship
hierarchy of salience
internal organization of various identities that allows for the current situation to determine which identity will dominate in a given movement higher salience = higher conformity to role expectations
self-discrepancy theory
we have three selves • actual self = who we think we really are in the moment • ideal self = who we would like ourselves to be • ought self = how others think we should be
what determines high self esteem according to self-discrepancy theory
the closer our three “selves” are to one another; who we think we are, who we want to be; and who others want us to be are very similar
what does self-esteem measure
how we feel about ourselves; low = highly critical of self
what does self-efficacy measure
our belief in our ability to succeed; can be dependent on activity
overconfidence
unwise inflation of self-efficacy; will take on tasks you are unprepared for
learned helplessness
phenomenon in which you believe you do not have control over your current suffering/performance due to lack of control over previous suffering/performance
locus of control
how we characterize influence and power in our lives
internal locus of control
view current and future outcomes as a result of your own actions
external locus of control
view current and future outcomes as a result randomness or the of the actions of others
according to freud, psychology is deeply linked with what other trait
sexuality and libidinal energy
fixation
occurs when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development, eventually manifesting as neurosis in adulthood
oral stage
• 0-1 year • gratification obtained by biting/sucking/putting things in the mouth • fixation results in dependency
anal stage
• 0-3 years • gratification obtained by elimination and retention of waste materials • fixation results in orderliness or sloppiness
phallic/oedipal stage
• 0-3 years - tension d/t oedipal and electra conflict, gratification obtained by sublimating libidinal energy