(2) Electrolytes, Minerals, & Gasses
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Metabolically produced acids include…
CO2
Examples of nonvolatile acids include…
Uric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid.
Metabolically produced acids cannot be removed via the lungs, so they but be excreted through…
The kidney.
Why do blood and tissues contain buffer systems?
To minimize changes in hydrogen concentration.
With excess acid, H combines with what to form H2CO3?
Bicarbonate (HCO3).
When base is added to carbonic acid, it will combine with OH to form what?
Water and bicarbonate.
Reference range of pH.
7.35 to 7.45
Carbonic acid isn’t able to be quantified directly, so we measure…
PCO2; includes dissolved CO2.
Normal Plasma PCO2.
~40 mmHg
Normal bicarbonate concentration.
~24 mmol/L
The laboratory can assess acid-base status of a patient by measuring…
Blood pH, PCO2, and/or [HCO3].
The laboratory can measure 2 of 3 of pH, PCO2, or HCO3, and use what equation to measure the third?
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
How is pH and [HCO3] effected by acidosis?
Decreased.
How is pH and [HCO3] effected by acidosis?
Decreased.
Metabolic acidosis are categorized by the presence or absence of…
Anion gap and osmolal gap.
What equation is used to calculate the anion gap?
Anion gap=[Na] - [Cl] - [HCO3]
What equation is used to calculate the osmolal gap?
Osmolal gap = osm(measured) - (2[Na] + [glucose]/18 + [BUN]/2.8)
Normal anion gap.
<12
Normal osmolal gap.
<10
Metabolic alkalosis are disorders characterized by…
Chloride responsiveness or resistance.
Respiratory acidosis results from any impairment to…
Ventilation.
Respiratory acidosis causes include those directly affecting the lungs, these conditions include…
Airway obstruction, alveolar infiltrates, perfusion defects.
Respiratory alkalosis most often results from what condition?
Hypoxia (low blood oxygen levels).
Compensatory hyperventilation leads to…
Hypocapnea (low blood CO2 levels).