Week 7
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Patterns of organization (symmetry)
Asymmetry Radial Symmetry (oral-aboral) - biradial -pentaradial Bilateral symmetry (most complex animals) - display cephalization -dorsal/ventral plane, anterior/posterior plane)
Diploblastic organization
two embryonic tissue layers - ectoderm (outer, epidermis) -endoderm (inner, digestion) separated by the mesoglea
Triploblastic organization
-ectoderm (outer, epidermis) -endoderm (inner, digestion) -mesoderm (bulk of body tissues)
Triploblastic organization (body cavities)
coelom: body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm Acoelomate - Do not have a coelom - Pretty much have no body cavities Pseudocoelomate - Have a body cavity but is not surrounded completely by mesoderm tissue - Not a true coelom - Flatworms Coelomate - More complex animals - Have a true coelom
Protostomes vs Deuterostomes
Proto: spiral cleavage, blastophore develops into mouth, trocophore larvae, schizocoelous coelom - spiral cleavage is division along diff axis/twists Deutero: radial cleavage (aligns directly), blastophore develops into anus, enterocoelous coleom
protists are usually unicellular but that does not mean that they are ___
simple
what are the contractile vacuole, cytoproct and pellicle that we see in many protists
Contractile vacuole - regulates water content Cytoproct: digestive waste products are eliminated Pellicle: Consists of outer plasma membrane and a thin region of cytoplasm, high concentration of materials that allow a certain degree of rigidity - gives a particular shape - Not all unicellular protists have this - composed of microtubules
ways of asexual reproduction
binary fission (most common) Schizogony: means to split - Series of mitosis (nuclear divisions) not immediately followed by cell division ○ Produced a cell with lots of nuclei, later divides into multiple cells with identical nuclei Budding
Important Protozoan groups
Excavata -excavated feeding groove -flagellated -modified anaerobic mitochondria -pathogens Amoebozoa: -use pseudopodia to feed/move lack supporting structure -amoeboid in shape Rhizaria Alveolata -stacked vesicles highly variable plastids dinoflagellates
Metazoa (basal animal phyla)
multicellular animals are mobile (have contractile proteins)
apoptosis
process where cells strategically die
Phylum Porifera characteristics (sponges)
asymmetrical/radial symmetry water filtration no tissues or organs spicules: supporting structures unique to these animals
evolutionary impacts of multicellularity
increased complexity division of labour morphological diversity social behaviour/symbiotic relationships
Porifera basic body form
two cell layers - ponacocyte choanocyte has microvilli to draw in water
reproduction of Porifera
asexual mostly: release gemmules (little balls of cells) sexual: monoecious
what is considered sister to animals
choanoflagellates/choanocytes
Cnideria
jellyfish, corals, anemones nettles that sting dont have a mesoderm radial symmetry central gastrovascular cavity simple nervous system cnidocytes -stinging or sticky
generalized life cycle of cniderians
polyp/medusa cycle polyp: on ground medusa: inverted polyp, free swimming