[27.2] (2/2) amides and chirality
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how are amides produced?
reactions of acyl chlorides with ammonia or amines
describe the general structure of an amide
-CONR₂ functional group R can be H or alkyl group
what are the differences between the 3 types of amides?
• primary - 1 carbon bonded to an N • secondary - 2 carbons bonded to an N • tertiary - 3 carbonds bonded to an N
how do you name amides?
• primary - get rid of NH₂ and imagine it’s a CA, remove ‘oic acid’, add ‘amide’ • secondary / tertiary - use N
what are optical isomers?
• non-superimposable mirror images of molecules • aka enantiomers
what is a racemic mixture?
a mixture that has equal proportions of the different enantiomers
how is optical isomerism related to stereoisomerism?
optical isomerism is a type of steroisomerism
where is optical isomerism found?
in molecules that contain a chiral centre
what is a chiral centre?
• a carbon atom attached to four different atoms or four different groups of atoms • often denoted by a *
how many enantiomers are there for every chiral carbon?
2
how do you draw a chiral molecule with two chiral centres?
• to get 2nd, do mirror image of 1st • to get 3rd, do mirror image of only the top chiral centre; keep bottom the same • to et 4th, do mirror image of only the bottom chiral centre; keep top the same