sem 2 exam

Infectious: - Pathogens - bacteria - fungi - parasites live on the body - parasites live in the body Non-infectious: - genetics

any condition that adversely affects the normal functioning of any part of a living thing

Infectious: - Covid19 - caused by virus Non-Infectious: - alzheimers - caused by genetics

• The skin • Lining of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts

• Lysozyme, enzymes and fatty acids • Tears, sweat and saliva

• Normal flora • skin in mouth, nose, throat, lower gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract

• redness, swelling, heat, pain and pus • Response to cut through skin or presence of pathogen • A mechanism of ensuring our ‘troops’ get to the location of the fight.

A medical procedure that invades (enters) the body, usually by cutting or puncturing the skin or by inserting instruments into the body.

• Endoscopy • Colonoscopy • Biopsy • Specimen testing • Pap smear • Exploratory surgery

• Diagnoses inflammation, anaemia and cancer • treat conditions that affect the upper part of digestive system, including the oesophagus, stomach to the beginning of the small intestine. • the tube is inserted via a natural opening of the body, or through a small cut made in the skin. • The main advantages of endoscopy are that it is minimally invasive and provides real-time images in true colour.

performed to find signs and symptoms - medical procedure that examines the large bowel - can be used to look for cancer of the colon (bowel cancer) or colon polyps, which are growths on the lining of the colon.

• a sample of tissue taken from the body for further examination. • most often done to abnormal masses, tissues or lesions to look for cancer. • Biopsies are usually a follow up of a physical exam or ultrasound. • using a sharp tool to remove a small amount of tissue usually a needle. • Examples of biopsies: • Needle Biopsy • CT guided biopsy • Ultrasound guided biopsy.

• all are not invasive but some are minimally invasive • used to diagnose and treat a variaty ailments • examples include urine, saliva, mucus, blood and faeces

• test done for women between 25-74 every 5 years • involves collecting cells from the cervix • tests for viruses such as HPV, HPV can go on to cause some types of cancer, including cervical cancer. • The way the specimen is collected is the same for cervical screening and pap test/smear it is the storage and testing that is different.

• looks inside the body to help make a diagnosis • usually involves the opening of the body cavity to diagnose and determine the extent of the disease process

Transportation - - Transports dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes and other cells Regulation - - Regulates pH, electrolyte composition, temperature Protection - - White blood cells have a role in the immune response, platelets help with clotting

• blood typing • complete blood count • iron studies test • liver function test • Kidney function test • Thyroid function • Cholesterol • Anti-body testing • Inflammatory marker

• Blood type is based on whether or not certain proteins are on your red blood cells. These proteins are called antigens. Blood type (or blood group) is inherited from parents. • Blood is often grouped according to the ABO blood typing system. The 4 major blood types are: • Type A • Type B • Type AB • Type O

• conducted to screen for disease/condition, look for potential health risks, check the function of organs, prepare for treatment, show how well treatments are working and assess how well your blood is clotting. • Pathology is the study of disease and its cause and progression. • Blood is taken from the veins for testing.

• Oral cavity • Salivary glands • Pharynx • Esophagus • Liver • Stomach • Gallbladder • Pancreas • Large intestine • Small intestine

• solid bodily waste discharged from the large intestine through the anus during defecation • Cell debris shed from the mucous membrane of the intestinal tract also passes in the waste material, • bile pigments (bilirubin) and dead leukocytes (white blood cells).

• Kidney • Ureter • Bladder