Energy Resources (AS) (Complete)

-Using human labour to do every task is slow, hard work -Using animals or harnessing power of water/wind released time to develop new activities; make life easier -Changes in energy resources continued w/ development of new technologies that harnessed new resources, increased efficiency of energy use/allowed energy to be converted—> more useful forms

Smelting of metals using wood & charcoal enabled development of a range of useful items, eg cutting blades, nails, wheel rims, ploughs, & other tools

-Developed use of coal & coke to produce steel—> was used to manufacture sophisticated machines, eg steam engines. These were used in many ways, like to pump water out of mines, transport goods, plough, drive timber saws & grain-threshing machines, and textile mills -A major development= ability to generate power where it was needed by transporting coal in contrast to wind & water power that had to be used where they could be harnessed

Crude oil, natural gas + other fuels

The production of a wide range of things including unnecessary products, non-essential travel and has permitted waste of energy.

-Are often more useful than primary fuels from which they were produced -Many tools + convenient equipment like telecommunications systems, motors, lighting & electromagnets in appliances like audio speakers require electricity, could not be run directly from primary fuels harnessed directly from environment

Reduces the amount of energy that is available to be used

-Ancient civilizations developed when + where soil & climate made possible production of sufficient food to support population -Industrial societies developed in places where fossil fuels occurred naturally/where they could be transported easily

New industrial centres locally where energy is harnessed/more disparately as energy storage & transfer become more effective

-Tasks completed more easily -New activities allowed

As population has grown, world’s consumption of energy has ↑in total as has per-capita consumption

-Direct uses include energy used by people individually, eg heating & lighting ther homes, cooking, personal transport, use of electrical appliances etc -Indirect uses include; energy used by commercial organisations, schools, government + industry to provide goods & services, support economic activity, eg transport of goods, manufacturing processes, water treatment, & energy used in agricutture

-Higher income= people buy, consume & use more energy in activities like travelling, using less efficient vehicles, heating larger home & having more energy-using appliances -More energy is used during manufacture of additional products bought -Affluent countries use significantly more energy to construct housing in production of bricks, glass, tiles & fittings like carpets, furnishings & appliances -Not all countries have access to readily available sources of energy; shortages limit transportation, ability to access water, power equipment & preserve foods -Supply + demand for energy resources set prices on world market -Global market prices= usually low enough for more affluent communities to afford to purchase energy tor essential uses like purifying water, running hospitals & transporting food. May be able to afford energy for non-essential uses that make life more enjoyable -Poorer communities may be unable to pay for energy needed for essential uses; can slow development of these societies, reduce quality of life

-In countries w/ large, easily accessible local sources, energy is cheap eg petrol= much cheaper in US than UK—> more petrol can be used for same cost. Has encouraged use of larger, less fuel-efficient cars. Fuel efficiency; likely to be lower priority if energy= relatively cheap -Some developed countries have a low per capita energy use within own country -However, they import goods that used a lot of energy in their manufacture in other countries, eg steel, copper, aluminium -Per capita energy consumption in countries like UK has gone down in recent years—> partly due to decline of industries like steel & aluminium smelting; now produced for us in other countries, eg China

-Primary industry; agriculture, mining, raw material extraction. General level of energy use= high -Secondary industry; heavy manufacturing industry,eg metal smelting, chemical industry. General level of energy use= high -Tertiary industry; services like transport, finance, retail I recreation education. General level of energy use= low -Quaternary industry; information & IT. General level of energy use= very low

-Regions & locations which historically had difficulty satisfying demand for energy often have tradition of managing energy use carefully. Scandinavia → energy shortages in past, especially remote communities; driven strong energy conservation culture -In UK → access to large deposits of coal drove Industrial Revolution & society’s development, but energy also used wastefully. As coal mining ↓, access to natural gas & oil from N sea extended extravagant use of energy

-Buildings in locations w/ cold winters require heating & those in v hot areas require air conditioning -High winds ↑ heat losses while sunny weather ↑ passive solar heat gains

-Fuel for machinery, eg tractors & combine harvesters, water pumping, fish farm aeration -Manufacture of chemicals like fertilisers -Food processing, eg sugar refining, grain drying & milling -Transport of materials & harvested food -Storage, especially refrigerated foods -Fuel for fishing boats, water pumping & aeration in aquaculture

-Machinery operation; excavators, rock crushing, pumps, presses, conveyor belts, mixers, cutters, lathes -Heat to melt materials for moulding & casting of metals & plastics -Energy for chemical reactions; smelting metals, thermal decomposition of limestone in cement manufacture -Heat for baking, eg pottery, bricks -Heat for distillation, eg fractional distillation of crude oil -Water treatment for public supply -Sewage treatment

-Space heating -Lighting -Running appliances, eg refrigerators, washing machines, dishwashers, cookers

-Transport of goods; ships/ trains/trucks/conveyor belts/pipelines -Transport of people; cars, buses, trains, planes

-As countries like Brazil, China & India have industrialised, their use of energy has ↑ rapidly, especially in mining & manufacturing industries -As heavy industry + manufacturing activity have ↓ in UK, so has industrial energy use

-↑ in income = consumers afford to pay more for energy, eg heating, lighting & transport -Affluence enables higher consumption of goods, ↑ energy required for manufacture & transport -Household appliances like washing machines, TVs & fridges require energy to run. As segments of societies in developing countries like India & China became more affluent, domestic consumption ↑

-Total energy use ↑ w/ population growth even if per-capita use remains the same -If population of developing country = growing rapidly, may struggle to ↑ energy supplies fast enough to match demand