Chapter 15
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Who did the Gold Foil experiment?
Ernest Rutherford in 1911
What did the gold foil experiment determine?
Given that almost all the alpha particles went through the foil like it wasn’t even there, but fewer than 1/1000 was scattered through a large angle. Rutherford determined the atomic strucutre from this
What was the structure Rutherford concluded in the Gold foil experiment?
An Atom has a tiny and heavy nucleus at the center surrounded by electrons – mostly void
What is a real-life example to explain an atom’s structure?
If the atom were a large ball of mist with a diameter greater than a skyscaper, the nucleus would be a bowling ball in the center of the sphere of mist
Why could Rutherford’s model not exist in nature?
Electrons give off energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation while orbiting. According to the 1st law of TD this energy has to come from somewhere as the charged particles are accelerating and orbiting in a circle, however, he couldn’t explain where it came from
What were some issues with Rutherford’s model?
In his model electrons surrounding the nucleus in orbits, with a positive nucleus and negative electrons, however, he couldn’t explain why the electrons remained in orbit instead of spiraling toward the nucleus
What did Niels Bohr do?
He created the first working model of an atom
What insight did Bohr have that Rutherford didn’t?
He saw a relationship between light and atoms as he noticed that Hot Hydrogen gas glows by giving off light in several different wavelengths
What did the Bohr atom have that was new?
energy levels or orbits set at specific distances from the nucleus.
What rules were created for the energy levels?
Electrons could only exist in certain locations called allowed orbits, and these energy levels are where electrons could exist for long periods of time without giving off radiation
Why are energy levels like a staircase?
Energy can only reside within the energy levels and not inbetween like how your foot can only be on one step at a time.
What is the first and smallest energy level called?
ground state
Energy ___ away from the nucleus
The chemical potential energy increases (ground state has the least and r4 has the most)
What are photons?
Light emitted at the speed of light
How are photons created?
It is the release of leftover energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation when electrons jump energy levels
What makes the Bohr model unique?
Electrons in a higher energy level can move down into a lower energy level, allowing a photon (light) to be emitted
The ____ the distance jumped the a photon of ___ _____ is released
greater, higher energy
When is a photon visible?
When the energy of the photon released falls within the range of visible light, the photon is visible in a color that corresponds to the energy it contains
When is a photon emitted vs absorbed?
A photon is emitted as electrons move down to a lower energy state. A photon is absorbed as it is used to move an electron to a higher energy state, where that energy comes from heat
What is a quantum leap?
An electron disappears from its original location and reappears in its final location, never being at positions in between
What are the different ways an electron can get back down?
It can do one large jump emitting a single photon with lots of energy or it can take multiple smaller jumps that each emit a photon of less energy
Why does the periodic table work?
The pattern of elements in the table mirrors the spatial arrangement of electrons, the concentric arrangement known as shells
What is Pauli’s exclusion principle?
No two electrons can occupy the same spot within an energy state at the same time