C2.2 Bonding
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What are the physical properties of Metals?
• Shiny • Usually high melting and boiling points • Solid at room temperature (except mercury) • Malleable (bends without shattering) • Ductile (can be pulled into thin wires) • Good Conductors (thermal and electrical)
What are the physical properties of Non-Metals?
• Dull • Usually low melting and boiling points • About half are solid, half are gas at room temperature • Brittle (shatter when hammered) • Non-ductile (snap when pulled) • Poor Conductors (insulators)
Where is the split in the periodic table (non-metal and metal split) ?
A zig-zag below boron (Boron is a non-metal and Aluminum is a metal). Remember 3/4 of The Periodic Table is Metals.
What ions do metal elements form?
Positive ions (they loose electrons)
What ions do non-metals form?
Negative ions (they gain electrons)
(IMP) What do Metal oxides produce when dissolved in water?
Alkaline solutions.
(IMP) What do Non-Metal oxides produce when dissolved in water?
Acidic solutions.
Do Metals react with each other? If so what do they produce?
Metals do not react with each other. They mix to form alloys.
Do Non-metals react with each other?
Yes. Non-metals react to form covalent compounds.
Do Metals and Non-metals react with each other?
Yes. Non metals and Metals react to form ionic compounds.
What does the electron configuration of an atom tell us about it’s placement on the Periodic Table?
• The amount of numbers - number of shells - period (row) number • The last number - amnt of electrons in last shell - group number e.g. an atom with a configuration of 2.8.2 is in group 2, period 3.
What are the maximum number of electrons in the first four shells?
Shell 1 - max 2 Shell 2 - max 8 Shell 3 - max 8 Shell 4 - max 18
What charge do ions in each group form (only for first 20 elements)?
Group 1 -> +1 Charge Group 2 -> +2 Charge Group 3 -> +3 Charge Group 4 -> Don’t form Ions Group 5 -> -3 Charge Group 6 -> -2 Charge Group 7 -> -1 Charge Group 8 -> Don’t form Ions
What is ionic bonding?
Ionic Bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions (metal ions and non-metal ions).
How is ionic and covalent bonding modelled?
Dot and Cross Diagrams. Please check textbook for reminder.
How can you figure out the chemical formulas of ionic compounds?
You swap the charges of each element or compound. E.g. Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium -> NH₄ (1+ charge) Sulfate -> SO₄ (2- charge) Formula -> (NH₄)₂SO₄
Properties of Ionic Bonding?
• High melting and boiling points (No Intermolecular forces, only strong electrostatic attraction of ions in a lattice) • Conducts when molten (liquid and gas, so ions can move freely) • Conducts when in solution (dissolved, so ions can move freely)
What type of bonding do non-metals do? What are the types of structures formed?
Covalent bonding. Simple covalent molecules, Giant covalent molecules.
What is covalent bonding?
Covalent bonding is the attraction between shared pairs of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms (only done by non-metals).
What are the charges of the following polyatomic ions? Carbonate, Nitrate, Hydroxide, Ammonium, Sulfate.
Carbonate -> CO3 (-2) Nitrate - > NO3 (-1) Hydroxide -> OH (-1) Ammonium -> NH4 (+1) Sulfate -> SO4 (-2)
Properties of Simple Covalent Molecules?
• Low melting and boiling points (Weak Intermolecular forces between covalent molecules) • Doesn’t conduct
What are Giant Covalent Structures?
Repeating regular structures of non-metals atoms covalently bonded together.
Properties of Giant Covalent Structures?