Later C3
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Name the groups and what charge of ions they make from ionic bonding
1: +1 2: +2 3: +3 4: +4, -4 5: -3 6: -2 7: -1 0: ❌
What is ionic bonding
Ionic compounds are held together by strong forces of attraction between their oppositely charged ions
If you had: Al3+ and O2- what charge would you need for them to become neutral
(Al3+)2, (O2-)3 ( they both equal the same number of opposite charge, 6 is their LCM ) 6+ and 6-
What would happen in order for potassium ( K ) and oxygen (O) to correctly ionicly bond
Oxyegn needs 2 more electrons for a full outer shell. K has one on outer shell. x2 K to lose 1 electron each ( stable now ) to give to O which now has 8 on outer shell ( stable )
Why can sea water conduct electricity
Sea water has salt in it and therefore the ions are free and separated so they are drawn to opposite charge and can carry a charge, therefore they can conduct electricity
Why do ionic compounds have high melting points
It takes a lot of energy to break up every bond in the lattice since there are a lot of bonds to break and you have to overcome the electrostatic attraction and therefore you need immense heat to melt them
Give the properties of an ionic solid
Ions are in fixed position in a giant lattice. They vibrate but cannot move around. It does not conduct electricty
Give properties of molten ionic compound
High temperature provides enough energy to overcome the many strong attractive forces between ions. Ions are free to move around within the molten compound. It does conduct electricty
Properties of ionic compound in solution
Water molecules separate ions from the lattice. Ions are free to move around within the solution. It does conduct electricty
What are the difference between inter and intra molecular forces
Intermolecular forces: between molecules ( drawn as dotted lines ) Intramolecular forces: within the molecules ( drawn as lines )
Describe what would happen if 2 hydrogen atoms covalently bonded
The two molecules would share electrons so that they each have 2 on the outer shell ( full and stable )
Describe how a carbon atom would bond with two oxygen atoms
The carbon atom would share two of it’s 4 electrons with each of the oxygen atoms ( 2 each ) each of the oxygen atoms would also share their two electrons with carbon and have 4 spare. This means that each atoms has 8 electrons on the outer shell
Which noble gas electron structure do the atoms in a molecule of hydrogen chloride attain?
Hydrogen would have 2 on outer shell: same as helium Chlorine would be 2,8,8: same as Argon
How do the covalent bonds bond the atoms to each other
The electro static attraction between the electrons and the positive nuclei on either side of the pair of electrons holds the atoms together
What happens to the INTERmolecular forces when the INTRAmolecular forces are stronger
The intermolecular forces are weaker
What happens to the INTERmolecular forces when the INTRAmolecular forces are weaker
The intermolecular forces are stronger
What are the melting and boiling points of substances made of simple molcules
Both are lower
Why do substances made of simple molecules have lower melting and boiling points
The forces between the molecules ( intermolecular ) are weak so they need little energy to melt or boil
Why can’t molecules carry charge?
They have no overall charge so there is no electrostatic attraction so they can’t carry a charge
Properties of giant covalent structures
Very high melting points Insoluble in water Do nkt conduct electricity
What do chemists call different forms of the same element in the same state
Allotropes
Why is graphite soft and slippery
It has covalent bonds horizontally although it has no covalent bonds connecting the layers so the layers can slide between one another
Why is diamond so rigid
It is a gaint covalent structure making is very strong since the carbon bonded in all directions ( carbon atoms have each made 4 bonds )
Why can graphite conduct electricity and thermal electricity
Every carbon has one electrons spare ( called delocalised electrons ) can move between the layers and carry a charge