Finals
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Density
m/V
Nonpolar Covalent Bond (Electronegativity)
Difference of 0 - 0.4
Polar Covalent Bond (Electronegativity)
Difference of 0.5 - 2.0
Ionic Bond (Electronegativity)
Difference of > 2.0
Electron Group Geometry: 2 Electron Groups
EG: Linear Predicted Bond Angle: 180°
Electron Group Geometry: 3 Electron Groups
EG: Trigonal Planar Predicted Bond Angle: 120°
Electron Group Geometry: 4 Electron Groups
EG: Tetrahedral Predicted Bond Angle: 109.5°
Linear Electron Domain
MG: Linear
Trigonal Planar Electron Domain
All e- domains = Bonds: trigonal planar One e- domain = Nonbonding: Bent/angular
Tetrahedral Electron Domain
All e- domains = BondingPair: Tetrahedral One nonbonding pair e- domain: Trigonal Pyramidal Two nonbonding pair e- domain: Bent/angular
Hydrogen Bonding
Strong dipole-dipole force when hydrogen bonds with F, O, N.
HONC(Neutral molecules)
1234 Number of bonds
Heat Equation
q=mCΔT
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
1 atm and 273 K (0° C)
Molarity
M = moles solute/liters solution
Molarity to Molarity Conversion
1) Check if solutions match. 2) Balance Equation
Boiling Point Elevation
ΔTb = Tb(solution) - Tb(solvent) = iK₆m Where Kb = 0.51C/m for water and i - number of particles.
Freezing Point Depression
ΔTf = Tf(solution) - Tf(solvent) = -iKբm Where Kf = 1.86 C/m for water and i = number of particles
Molality
m = moles solute/kilogram solvent
Buffer
Requires weak acid and conjugate base(Balanced equation + H2O)
Trait of weak/strong acid/base.
weak acids = less than 100% ionizes to produce H+ ion./ Strong acid ionize 100% to produce H+t
Acid
Substance that forms hydrogen ions H+ when dissolved in water.
Base
Substance that forms hydroxide ions OH- when dissolve in water.
Orbital Diagram Order
Put one arrow in each box for a shell before adding another pair.