P8
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What is the fundamental difference between a scalar and a vector quantity?
A scalar quantity has magnitude (size) only. A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.
Explain the difference between distance and displacement.
Distance is a scalar; it is the total ground covered regardless of direction. Displacement is a vector; it is the distance moved in a specific direction (the straight-line distance from the start point to the end point).
Name at least five common scalar quantities.
Speed Distance Time Mass Power
Name at least five common vector quantities.
Velocity Displacement Acceleration Force Momentum
How are vector quantities represented visually in diagrams, and what do the features indicate?
They are represented by arrows. The length of the arrow represents the magnitude. The direction of the arrow represents the direction of the vector.
If you are drawing a scale diagram where 10mm = 1.0N, how long should the arrow be to represent a force of 4.8N
48mm (4.8 x 10)
Categorize the following as scalar or vector: Velocity, Speed, Weight, Mass.
Scalars: Speed, Mass. Vectors: Velocity, Weight (Weight is a force acting downwards).
State Newton’s third law of motion regarding interacting objects.
When two objects interact, they exert equal and opposite forces on each other. These forces are always the same type and act on different objects.
What is the difference between a contact force and a non-contact force? Give two examples of each.
The objects must physically touch (e.g., Friction, Tension) The objects exert force even when not touching (e.g., Gravity, Magnetic Force)
If a hammer hits a nail with a downward force of 50N, what is the size and direction of the force the nail exerts on the hammer?
The force is 50N acting in the upward direction (equal and opposite).
When a car moves forward, what is the direction of the friction force of the road on the tyre?
The friction force of the road on the tyre is in the forward direction. (The tyre pushes backward on the road, so the road pushes forward on the tyre).
A book sits on a table. The Earth pulls down on the book with gravity. According to Newton’s Third Law, what is the “reaction” force to this?
The book pulls up on the Earth with an equal and opposite gravitational force.
If two objects exert equal forces on each other, why does the smaller object usually move more?
Because of Newton’s Second Law (F=ma.) For the same amount of force, an object with a smaller mass will have a larger acceleration.
If two skaters pull on opposite ends of a rope, and Skater A pulls with 100N, what force is Skater B experiencing?
100N. The tension in the rope is uniform, and they exert equal and opposite forces on each other through the rope.
What is meant by the “resultant force” acting on an object?
It is a single force that has the same effect as all the original forces acting on the object combined.
If the resultant force on an object is zero, what are the two possible states of motion for that object?
The object remains stationary. The object continues to move at a constant speed in the same direction.
What happens to an object’s motion when the resultant force is greater than zero?
The object’s speed and/or its direction will change (it accelerates or decelerates).
How do you calculate the resultant force of two forces acting in opposite directions?
You find the difference between the two forces. The resultant force acts in the direction of the larger force. 10N right and 8N left = 2N right
What is a free-body diagram, and what do the arrows represent?
It is a diagram showing all the forces acting on a single object.
Name the four forces usually shown on a free-body diagram of an airplane in flight.
Thrust (forward) Drag / Air Resistance (backward) Weight (downward) Lift (upward)
True or False: If a car is traveling at a steady 70mph on a straight road, there must be a large resultant force pushing it forward.
If the speed and direction are constant, the resultant force is zero. The driving force is exactly balanced by friction and air resistance.
When must you use the parallelogram of forces method instead of simple addition or subtraction?
When they act at an angle to each other).
In a parallelogram of forces diagram, which part of the drawing represents the resultant force?
The diagonal of the parallelogram that starts from the same origin point where the two individual force vectors meet.
What three things are essential to create an accurate scale vector diagram?
A suitable scale (e.g.1cm = 2N) A protractor to measure the angles accurately. A sharp pencil and ruler to draw the magnitude (length) precisely.