Rate and extent of chemical reactions - Facts
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Define rate of reaction using an equation
Rate of reaction = change in concentration of reactants or products / change in time
Why does increasing concentration increase the rate of reaction?
It increases the the number of particles in a volume, so increases the number of successful collisions per second
Why does increasing pressure increase the rate of reaction?
increases the number of particles in a volume, so increases the number of successful collisions per second
Why does increasing surface area increase the rate of reaction?
It exposes more particles, so increases the number of successful collisions per second
Why does increasing temperature increase the rate of reaction?
Particles have more energy, so move faster, and more have activation energy, so more successful collisions per second
Describe what a catalyst is
A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed
Explain how a catalyst works
It provides an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy
Explain why catalysts are used in reactions
They speed up reactions and can be reused multiple times and make reactions cheaper
Draw the arrows for irreversible and reversible reactions
Irreversible: →; Reversible: ⇌
Describe the energy changes in reversible reactions
Energy change is equal and opposite in forward and reverse reaction
Define dynamic equilibrium
Rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal
Define closed system
A system where no matter enters or leaves
Explain why no changes are seen at dynamic equilibrium
The processes of the forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates
Explain why a system can be in dynamic equilibrium when the products have double the concentration of the reactants
Only rates are equal NOT concentraions
Define Le Chatelier’s principle
If the conditions change at dynamic equilibrium, the system will reverse the change
State the direction the position of equilibrium will move if the concentration of reactants increases
To the right, towards products on.
State the direction the position of equilibrium will move if the concentration of the products increases
To the left, towards reactants
State the direction the position of equilibrium will move if the temperature increases
In the endothermic direction
State the direction the position of equilibrium will move if the pressure increases
Towards the side with fewer gas molecules
Give the equation to calculate the gradient of a line on a graph
Gradient = change in y / change in x
State what a tangent is and how to use one
A tangent is a straight line that touches a curve at one point; it represents the rate of change at that point
What colour does hydrated copper sulfate turn when heated
Blue to white