Structure 1.1 And 1.2- Introduction To Particulate Nature Of Matter And The Nuclear Atom

primary constituent of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances Contains atoms of only one type

atoms of different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio Can be composed of molecules (covalently bondade atoms) Or ions (ionically bonded positive and negative particles)

more than one element or compound in no fixed ratio, not chemically bonded thus can be seperated by physical methods

filtration is used to seperate a solid from a liquid, or a soluble solid from an insoluble solid by dissolve them in a liquid beforehand you need a conical flask, a filter paper and a filter funnel where the solid which remains in the filter paper is called the residue, and whatever passes through the filter paper into the conical flask is the filtrate

used to seperate a solid from a liquid where you heat the mixture and the liquid will evaporate, the solid remains Solution heated in an evaporating basin

used to seperate two liquids with different boiling points, the liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates first and will pass through a condenser where it is turned back into a liquid and collected at the opposite end of the distillator

seperates componentss of a mixture, you must draw a baseline on the filter paper using a pencil, and place your mixture on the baseline, you then place you filter paper in a solvent which musnt reach the baseline. your different mixtures will move along the filter paper might need a locating agent to view, and you can then calaculate the rf value by dividing the total distance the individual component traveled from the baseline by the total distance traveled by the solvent Components with greater affinity for mobile phase has greater interaction with solvent molecules, move further up paper, those which have least affinity remain closer to stationary phase

A type of mixture that a uniform composition and no visible phases or boundaries meaning that the components of the mixture are equally distributed and in the same state, making the composition the same throughout the mixture

A type of mixture with a non-uniform composition with visible phases or boundaries. Varying properties

a model to explain physical properties of matter (solid, liquids and gases) and changes of state

melting, boiling, sublimation energy is taken in to break the bonds and change state

freezing, condensation, deposition energy is released into the surroundings

solid to gas

gas to solid

celsius + 273 =kelvin

kinetic energy of particles

positvely charged dense nucleus composed of neutrons and protons

occupy the space around a nucleus

A= mass number (number of protons and neutrons in nucleus) Z= atomic number (number of protons in nucleus) Electron number is equal to atômico number (in a neutral element) Neutron number= A - Z

Z= number of protons= number of electrons (in an atom) number of neutrons= A-Z

proton= 1 neutron=1 electron= negligible

proton= +1 neutron= 0 electron= -1

atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons Same number of protons Same chemical properties, because they have same number of electrons But since they have different masses, they have slightly different physical properties

mass number of each isootope is multiplied by its abundance and all of them are added together they are then divided by 100 or divide by the sim of the relative abundante (%)