earth and space

• theory states that act 13.7b yrs ago all of space was filled with a hot, dense form of unstable energy • this began to enlarge rapidly and form into particles of matter

expanding universe cosmic microwave background

• light emitted by stars observed have dark lines in the spectrum • Edwin hobble observed that the pattern of dark lines in the light form distant galaxies shifted towards the red end of the spectrum • this red shift suggests that distant galaxies are moving away from earth & supports the idea of an expanding universe

1) Big Bang creates hydrogen & helium 2) clouds of H&He slowly begin to accumulate (forming nebula) 3) cloud collapses due to stronger gravitational forces 4) gravity continues to pull the gas inwards 5) gas cloud will get hotter & denser for millions of yrs whilst still pulling inwards 6) outward pressure from the gas is balanced by the inward force of gravity (core of nebula because stable = protostar) 7) gas continues to collect and add mass to the protostar 8) temperature inside the core are millions of degrees until it is hot enough for nuclear fusion 9) a star is born

outer most rocky layer consisting the upper mantle and crust

thin layer of gas known as air between earth and space

made up of all the earth’s waters (solid, liquid, gas)

made up of all the living things on earth (plants, animals, bacteria)

downward movement of water through land - river/lake > ground

water that seeps through the ground, ground into aquifer

nutrients taken from the ground into a plant

process of snow and ice changing into water vapour in the air

• located in stratosphere • prevents harmful UV rays from the sun reaching us on Earth • skin cancer, sun burn, eye damage, immune system damage

• consume less red meats - switch to renewable energy like solar

• more extreme heat waves • fewer frosts • melting of glacier and ice sheets • shifts in rainfall

• burning fossil fuels • deforestation • livestock and rice cultivation

Photosynthesis

respiration

decomposition

calcification

burning fossil fuels

neb, protostar, main sequence star, red giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf, black dwarf

neb, protostar, main sequence star, super red giant, supernova, neutron star or blackhole

when a main sequence star is formed with the leftover matter from a supernova