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An anatomical structure has a large amount of stratified squamous epithelium. What is the most likely function of this structure?
To provide a barrier between the body and the outside environment
What organ system in mammals contains specialized surfaces that are extensively branched/folded to assist animals in conducting chemical exchange with the environment?
The digestive system
The body plan of vertebrates shows a hierarchical level of organization. What represents a hierarchical level of organization that is more complex than the level represented by “cartilage”?
The heart
You forget to bring your dog into the house for the night, and it’s below freezing. Your dog starts shivering to keep warm. What will also be true?
Your dog will increase its rate of ATP synthesis
The body temperature of a dolphin rises above set point. What is true?
This dolphin can thermoregulate by moving away from warm, shallow waters
A small animal burrows into a carcass so that it can feed on dead tissue. This small animal is an example of what?
A substrate feeder
Chemical digestion:
Provides the simple molecules needed for the biosynthetic process of anabolism
For extracellular digestion of food to occur, what must be true?
Food must be in an area that connects with the outside environment
What is the most direct consequence of dysfunctional sphincters in the alimentary canal of a mammal?
Food could return to compartments from which it arrived
What is not a major activity of the pancreas?
Release of gastrin
major activity of pancreas:
Release of insulin Secretion of proteases Secretion of bicarbonate Release of glucagon
How does the mammalian small intestine promote a high rate of nutrient absorption?
The small intestine minimizes the distance that absorbed nutrients have to travel before they encounter a capillary
A newborn’s colon becomes blocked with stool because nerves failed to form in all or part of its colon, so that peristalsis is no longer activated to move stool forward. What regulatory system is most likely dysfunctional in this newborn?
The enteric division of the autonomic nervous system
A molecule of CO2 is produced by working body tissues and is picked up by passing blood. What is the first heart chamber into which this molecule of CO2 will arrive?
Right atrium
What is true about animals with a closed circulatory system?
They use more energy to pump circulatory fluid than animals with an open circulatory system
To temporarily fix a fast heart rate in humans, a brief electric shock can be given to the heart to reset the cardiac cycle back to its normal, regular pattern. How must this electric shock affect the function of the heart?
The cells of the sinoatrial node must decrease the rate at which they fire electrical signals
If you were to collect all of the capillaries in a mammal and disassemble these capillaries into tissues, how many major tissue types would you observe?
1-2 major tissue types
During sudden cardiac arrest, the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating. What is the immediate effect of sudden cardiac arrest on physiology?
Systolic blood pressure will decrease
What is true about a systemic vein?
Blood flow in this vessel is maintained with the help of skeletal muscle contractions
What is not found in the blood of mammals?
Urine
In mammals, what scenario describes the diffusion of O2 across a membrane?
Movement of O2 across a moist respiratory epithelium
In a salmon, infection with filamentous bacteria causes the swelling of gill lamellae and a thickening of the epithelial layer of the gills. What will result with respect to respiration in this infected salmon?
A decrease in the rate of gas exchange
In a human, what happens during exhalation of the lungs?
The sheet of skeletal muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity undergoes relaxation
Animals utilize a wide variety of respiratory systems to accomplish gas exchange. What statement about the different respiratory systems found in animals is correct?
In birds, air exhibits unidirectional flow across sites of gas exchange