genetics

contains genetic information to produce proteins and acts as “instructions” for organisms to grow, develop and reproduce

a 5 carbon sugar molecule a phosphate molecule a nitrogen base

A - adenine T - thiamine G - guanine C - cytosine

When multiple nucleotides form together

Three nucleotides combined to form a unit of genetic code - 3 base pairs

Nitrogen base Base pair Nucleotide Codon Gene DNA Chromosome

one chromosome from one pair of chromosomes

position of gene on a chromosome

alternate forms of gene on a locus

• skips generation • equal number of males/females affected • if both parents are affected, both children will be • most affected children have unaffected parents (curly hair, cystic fibrosis)

• does not skip generation • equal number of males/females affected • roll your tongue, type of ear wax

• affected males have affected or carrier mother • affected females must have an affected/carrier mother and an affected father • never passed from father to son • 1/2 sons of carrier females will be affected

• does not skip generations • affected son must come from affected mother • affected daughter must come from both affected parents • an affected father causes all daughters to be affected

Forms new somatic cells - they are diploid - carry two gets of genetic material. Division of genetic material to produce two identical daughter cells. Does not change the number of chromosomes

Cell division that produces haploid gametes. Gametes have half the genetic material of a parent cell. Two haploid gametes combine to produce the first diploid cell of a new organism. Chromosomes are halved

A change in the sequence of bases in DNA. Essential for evolution to occur.

Chromosome segment lost

Segment of chromosome transferred to another

segment transferred to homologous chromosome. giving it a duplicate of some genes

segment of chromosome arm is inverted

error in DNA replication, viral infection, radiation, chemicals