Chemistry revision
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What are of subshells ?
S, P and D
What order are the subshells filled and how many electrons do they hold ?
1s2 , 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2,3d10
How are the subshells emptied ?
4s before 3d
what are orbitals ?
It is a region of space where an electron is likely to be found
How are arrows placed in orbitals ?
• with the same energy must be filled singly before electrons are paired • the spins of the 2 electrons are opposite to each other
How do you name a compound with a metal and a non metal ?
Metal followed by non metal name ending in ide, e.g. oxide
What are the 3 types of bonding and where do they occur ?
Ionic - metal and non metal covalent- non metal metallic - metal
what are the physical properties of ionic substances ?
• high melting and boiling point • don’t conduct electricity when solid but do when molten or dissolved
Why do ionic compounds have their substances ?
There is a strong electrostatic force of attraction between postive and negative ions, giant ionic structure is a lattice of many ions held together by electrostatic attraction
What factors affect the strength of ionic bonds ?
• the strength of electrostatic attraction increases with increasing inoic charge and strength of electrostatic attraction decreases with increazing size of ionic radius
what is the trend in Ionic radius down a group ?
Ionic radius increases down a group as you get more shells
How does Ionic radius change across a period for groups 1,2,35,6 and 7 ?
It decreases across a period as you have a stronger postive charge in the nucleus.
What happens when a metal reacts in Ionic compounds ?
They lose electrons to become postive ions.
What happens when a metal reacts in Ionic compounds ?
They gain electrons to become negative ions
How many electrons are in the outer shell of an element ?
The group number
What happens in covalent bonding ?
The atoms share a pair of electrons
What are the proporties of covalent molecules ?
Simple covalent molecules have low melting and boiling points. They do not conduct electricity
What is a dative bond and some examples ?
It is a covalent bond in which the pair of electrons being shared is being donated by 1 atom
What happens as the number of electrons in a bond increase ?
As the number of electrons between two atoms increases, the bond strength increases
What shape do carbon molecules form ?
Carbon has 4 outer shells electrons so can form uo to 4 single bonds/bonding electron pairs and will form tetrahedral shapes
What angle is found in a tethedral shape ?
109.5 degrees
What is the structure of a metal ?
A lattice of postive metal Ions surrounded by delocalised electrons . Metallic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between the nuclei of the postive metal ions and the delocalised electrons
What is a giant metallic structure ?
It is a lattice of many atoms held together in regular layers by metallic bonding
how do the chemical and physical properties of metals, such as melting and boiling point, malleability, ductility and electrical conductivity, are affected by their bonding and structure?
● High melting points dues to strong electrostatic forces between ions. Malleable and ductile as regular ion layers slide over each other. Delocalised electrons are free to move throughout structure so good conductors