7-Evolution of genes and genomes
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What is a germ line?
The cell lineage in a multicellular organism that contributes to the formation of the next generation by producing gametes (sperm or eggs).
What is a somatic cell?
Any cell in a multicellular organism that is not a germ line cell.
What are haploid germ cells?
Gametes (sperm & eggs).
What is the effect of a mutation in a somatic cell?
The mutation may affect the individual in which the mutation occurred.
What happens if a mutation occurs in a germ cell?
The mutation will not affect the individual but may be passed to the next generation and may result in a heritable trait.
What is the role of regulatory DNA in gene expression?
It affects the expression of genes by determining where transcription regulators bind.
True or False: Gene families are groups of genes that originate from different ancestral genes.
False.
What is an example of a gene family?
The globin gene family.
What do globin genes code for?
The subunits of hemoglobin, the protein that transports O2 in the circulatory system.
How do gene families originate?
By gene duplications.
What is unequal crossing over?
A genetic rearrangement that results in chromosomes with altered sizes and genetic contents due to misalignments during crossing over.
What is transposition in the context of mobile genetic elements?
The movement of DNA segments within the genome that can mediate gene recombination.
What is exon shuffling?
The duplication and movement of segments of DNA that results in the origin of new proteins by piecing together fragments of different genes.
What is vertical transfer in genetics?
Transfer of genetic material from parent to progeny through gametes.
What is horizontal transfer in genetics?
Transfer of genetic material from one organism to another.
What is conjugation in bacteria?
The transfer of genetic information from one cell to another through a sex pilus, resulting in genetic recombination without reproduction.
What is the relationship between human endogenous retroviruses (HERV-K) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?
HERV-K is believed to be linked to ALS and has been found elevated in some ALS patients.
Fill in the blank: The ability to digest lactose is due to a mutation in the _______ of the lactase gene.
regulatory DNA.
What are pseudogenes?
Non-functional genes that are part of a gene family.
What distinguishes embryonic and fetal globins from adult globins?
Embryonic and fetal globins have higher affinities for oxygen than adult globins.