HSAB theory and its applications
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What does the Irving-Williams series tell you?
the relative stability of the complexes formed by metals
What is the order of stability of M²⁺ complexes according to the Irving-Williams series?
Ba < Sr < Ca < Mg < Mn < Fe < Co < Ni < Cu > Zn
Which M²⁺ has the strongest complexes?
Cu²⁺
What happens along the Irving-William series?
The ionic radius gets smaller
Why does the stability increase as the ionic radius gets smaller?
The binding of ligand to metal gets tighter and feels more of the effective nuclear charge
What metals are metals in a complex able to be displaced by?
metals which are higher up on the series than itself
What can lewis acids and bases be classed as?
Hard or soft
What type of bases do hard acids prefer?
Hard bases
What type of bases do soft acids prefer?
Soft bases
What is the atomic or ionic radius like on a hard atom?
Small
What is the atomic or ionic radius like on a soft atom?
Large
What is the oxidation state like on a hard atom?
High
What is the oxidation state like on a soft atom?
Low
What is the polarisability like on a hard atom?
Low
What is the polarisability like on a soft atom?
High
What is polarisability?
How much does an ion change its shape when interacting with another charge
What is electronegativity like on a hard base?
High
What is electronegativity like on a soft base?
Low
What is ion solvation like for a hard atom?
High
What is ion solvation like for a soft atom?
Low
What is bonding orbital energy like for a hard atom?
High
What is bonding orbital energy like for a soft atom?
Low
What type of bonding is present for hard atoms?
Electrostatic (ionic)
What type of bonding is present for soft atoms?
Covalent