translation
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redundancy
multiple codons code for the same amino acid
redundancy
multiple codons code for the same amino acid
different components required for translation
mRNA, initiation factors, elongation factors, release factors, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, tRNA, ribsomes (rRNA and ribosomal proteins)
what molecule is the translator of the genetic code
amino acyl tRNA synthetase
when is tRNA charged?
when tRNA aminoacyl synthetase attaches an amino acid to tRNA it’s charged
process of ribosome binding to mRNA
small ribosomal subunit binds to the rbs w/ complementary sequence of rRNA, tRNA attaches (w/ MET) moves along until reaches a start codon, where the large ribosomal subunit joins the complex
all the start codon names on different things
mRNA - AUG template strand - TAC tRNA - UAC coding strand ATG
what are specific rbs called in bacteria vs eukaryotes?
bacteria - shine-dalgarno sequence eukaryotes - rbs (on 5’ cap)
open reading frame
sequence of bases from start to stop codon (inclusive)
open reading frame
sequence of bases from start to stop codon (inclusive)
sites on a ribosome
E, P, A complementary tRNAs bind at the A site, peptide bond forms between that amino acid and the one in the p site. as ribosome moves, tRNA in A move to P, P to E and exits, amino acid chain continually transferred to tRNA in A site
role of elongation factors
provide energy for peptide bond formation
role of elongation factors
provide energy for peptide bond formation
what happens when a stop codon is reached?
release factor binds to A site, causing polypeptide to release and ribosomal subunits to dissociate
wobble effect
weak bonds between base pairs in the third codon position mean that there is some flexibility in the base present there, so tRNA can bind to multiple different codons
directionality of polypeptide chains
synthsized N to C, amino acids added to C