Chapter 1 - Scientific Investigation Planning, Ethics and Safety
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Investigation aim
the purpose of a study
Investigation question
the question that is to be solved by a study
Hypothesis
an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proven
Independent variable
the variable that is being manipulated (controlled, selected or changed) by the researcher
Dependent variable
the variable that is being measured by the researcher
Extraneous variable
a variable other than the independent variable that may have an unwanted effect on the dependent variable and results of an investigation
Controlled variable
a variable that is held constant to ensure that the only influence on the dependent variable is the independent variable
Confounding variable
an unwanted variable that has affected the results of an investigation
Population
the wider group of people that a study is investigating
Sample
the smaller group of people selected from the population who will be participants in the investigation
Sampling technique
involves procedures for selecting participants from the population
Random sampling
selecting participants from the population in a way that means each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study
Stratified sampling
first dividing the population into subgroups, and then randomly selecting participants from each subgroup in the proportion that they appear in the population
Investigation methodology
the particular type of research study
Allocation
dividing a sample into groups in an investigation
Random allocation
dividing a sample into groups in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being placed into the experimental group or the control group
Experimental group
the group that is exposed to the independent variable and receives the experimental treatment
Control group
the group that forms a baseline level to compare the experimental group with
Investigation design
a framework that determines how participants experience the experimental and control conditions
Between subjects design
an investigation design in which participants are randomly allocated to either the control or the experimental condition
Within subjects design
an investigation design in which all participants in the sample are involved in both the experimental and control conditions
Mixed design
an investigation design that combines elements of a between subjects design and a within subjects design
Case study
an investigation of a particular activity, behaviour, event or problem that contains a real or hypothetical situation and includes real-world complexities
Classification and identification
a type of investigation that involves arranging phenomena, objects or events into manageable sets, and recognising phenomena as belonging to a particular set or part of a new or unique set