Studying Unit 11
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3 parts of the theory of evolution
natural selection, common descent, variation and adaptations
analogous structures
body parts used for the same function but not from a common ancestor
is natural variation within a species evidence for evolution
no
explain evolution of hominin skulls
downward turned nose, larger cranial capacity, smaller brow ridge
homologous structures
structures shared by organisms that come from a common ancestor
vestigial structures
body parts that have little to no purpose
why are chimps thought of as most related to humans
they share 98% of DNA sequences
3 characteristics of hominoids
binocular vision, relatively large brains, hands and feet that manipulate objects
adaptation
a change in a species that results in it being better suited for its environment
principles of natural selection
variation within individuals in a population, variations are heritable, organism produces more offspring than can survive, individuals that survive with advantageous traits reproduce and pass on their traits
role of environment in natural selection
environment determines the organisms with the advantage, those survive and reproduce while other variations die, this causes a more adapted populatoin (needs diversity to occur)
3 types of adaptations
behavioral, physiological, structural
behavioral adaptation
response in an organism that is beneficial in its environment
physiological adaptation
body process in an organims that is beneficial in its environment
structural adaptation
feature of the body of an organism that is beneficial in its environment
mimicry
an organism evolves to look like a dangerous one
antibiotic resistance results in
bacteria to evolve to be resistant to antibiotics
4 main sources of evidence for natural selection
comparitive anatomy/embryology, fossil evidence, biochemistry, geographic distribution
embryology
the study of developing embryos
2 methods to figure out how old a fossil is
strata layers and radioactive isotopes with carbon-14
what is the relationship between carbon-14 and carbon-12
carbon-14 is the isotope of carbon-12
founder effect
a population with new individulas genetic make up is different in new location
bottleneck effect
when a population rapidly declines and random individuals survive
speciation
a new species can evolve when a population diverges or groups become reproductively isolated