UNIT 1 - KA7
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Where are mitochondrion found
mitochondria are found in the cytoplasm of living cells
What is the effect of the numerous folds in the inner membrane
The inner membrane has numerous folds in it which increase the surface area in which reactions occur
What is the fluid filled interior of the mitochondrion called
The fluid filled interior of the mitochondrion is called the central matrix
Where are many of the enzymes involved in respiration located
In this fluid is of the central matrix is where many of the enzymes involved in respiration are located
Draw a diagram of the mitochondria labelling three important features
Check jotter
What do cells such as muscle, nerve and liver cells contain and require
Cells which require a lot of energy such as muscle, nerve and liver cells contain many mitochondria with lots of folds on their inner membranes
Respiration occurs in three distinct stages :
STAGE 1 : GLYCOLYSIS STAGE 2 : THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE STAGE 3 : THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Where does glycolysis take place
This stage occurs in the cells cytoplasm and not in the mitochondria
What does glycolysis involve
Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
The energy investment phase
When 2ATPs are required for the phosphorylation of intermediates (2ATPs are used up here)
The energy pay off phase
This leads to the generation of more ATP during the energy pay off stage (4 ATPs are produced)
What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis
The net gain of ATP from glycolysis is 2ATP
What is the role of dehydrogenase enzymes and where do they pass them to
Dehydrogenase enzymes remove hydrogen ions and electrons from a substance and pass them to the coenzyme NAD forming NADH
What is the name of the coenzyme molecule that the hydrogen ions and electrons are passed to and what is formed?
Hydrogen ions and electrons are passed to the coenzyme NAD forming NADH
Does glycolysis require oxygen
Glycolysis does NOT require oxygen
What is a summary of glycolysis
ATP is required for the phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates during the energy investment phase of glycolysis. This leads to the generation of more ATP during the energy pay off stage and results in a net gain of ATP
Where does the citric acid cycle take place
Citric acid cycle takes place in the central matrix of the mitochondrion
In aerobic conditions how is acetyl coenzyme A formed
In aerobic conditions pyruvate is broken down to an acetyl group that combines with coenzyme A forming acetyl coenzyme A
What is the role of dehydrogenase enzymes
Removes hydrogen ions and electrons (and pass them onto NAD to take to stage 3)
Name the coenzyme that hydrogen ions and electrons are passed to in the citric acid cycle
NAD - a coenzyme
Where does the coenzyme pass the hydrogen ions and electrons to
To the electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane
Apart from hydrogen what other substances are formed during the citric acid cycle
CO2 + ATP
How is citrate formed
The acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate
During a series of enzyme controlled steps what is citrate gradually converted back into
During a series of enzyme controlled steps, citrate is gradually converted back into oxaloacetate