Nutrition and Energy (Key Components of Diet)
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What are the three macronutrients?
Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats
How many calories of energy do carbohydrates. proteins and fats yield per gram?
Carbohydrates = 4kcal Proteins = 4kcal Fats = 9kcal
What is the main source of fuel for the body?
Carbohydrates/glucose
When digested, carbohydrates are broken into what?
Glucose
Where can carbohydrates be found?
Grains, fruits, dairy, vegetables, potatoes and legumes
What percentage of our daily energy intake should come from carbohydrates?
45-65%
What are three main monosaccharides?
Glucose, Fructose and Galactose (All of which are isomers of each other)
Which monosaccharide is present in all three main disaccharides?
Glucose
What are the three main disaccharides?
Maltose, Lactose and Sucrose
Which monosaccharides are maltose molecules made up of? Where does it normally occur?
2 glucose molecules. It occurs in starch breakdown and alcohol fermentation
Which monosaccharides are lactose molecules made of? Where is it mainly found?
Glucose and galactose. It is the main carbohydrate found in milk
Which monosaccharides are sucrose molecules made of? What is sucrose commonly known as?
Fructose and glucose. It’s commonly known as table sugar and is the natural sweetness in fruit, vegetables and grains
What are the two variations of starch polysaccharides?
Amylose (unbranched with 1,4 glycosidic bonds) and amylopectin (branched 1,6 glycosidic bonds with main chain 1,4 glycosidic bonds)
Is starch the main form of glucose storage for plants or animals?
Plants
What are good dietary sources of starch?
Wheat, rice, root crops, potatoes, kumara, lentils and beans
Can dietary fibre be digested and absorbed?
No
What are the two types of dietary fibre?
Soluble and insoluble
What happens when soluble fibre dissolves in water? What does this do to the passage of food through the gastrointestinal tract?
It becomes a viscous gel which slows the passage of food through the gastrointestinal tract, allowing more time for enzymes to act on it
Can soluble fibre be broken down (fermented) by gut bacteria (microbiota)?
Yes
Can insoluble fibre be broken down (fermented) by gut bacteria (microbiota)?
No
What is the importance of insoluble fibre in ensuring the healthy passage of food through the gastrointestinal tract?
It bulks up the stool and prevents constipation
Does resistant starch behave more similarly to soluble or insoluble fibre?
Soluble fibre
What uses resistant starch as food?
Gut bacteria (microbiota)
What are some sources of resistant starch?
Legumes, cooked then cooled potatoes/pasta, green bananas