MODULE 4: Basic Concepts
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Define a homologous series
A series of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by CH₂
What is a functional group?
A group of atoms that is largely responsible for a compounds chemical and physical properties
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?
Straight hydrocarbon chain
What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?
Hydrocarbon chains in ring structures
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
Hydrocarbons involving benzene structure
What is a saturated hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon that cannot make anymore bonds (single carbon - carbons bonds only)
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon that can make more bonds (double carbon = carbon bonds)
What is the general formula for an alkane?
C n H 2n+2
What is the general formula for an alkene?
C n H 2n
What is the formula for alkyl groups?
C n H 2n+1
What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?
C n H 2n
What are alkynes?
Triple bond between carbon atoms
What are haloalkanes?
Hydrocarbons with a halogen as a functional group (chlorine, flourine, bromine)
What are aldehydes?
A hydrocarbon with a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydrogen atom, suffix of -al (ethanal)
What are ketones?
A hydrocarbon where a carbon is double bonded to an oxygen atom, suffix of -one (ethanone)
What are carboxylic acids?
A hydrocarbon where an carbon is double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to an -OH group, suffix of -oic acid (ethanoic acid)
What is an structural isomer?
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
Define homolytic fission
When a covalent bond is broken, each atom receives one electron from the bond and becomes a radical
What is a radical?
An atom/groups of atoms with an unpaired electron
Define heterolytic fission
When a covalent bond breaks, one atom takes both of the electrons from the bond, forming a positive and negative electron
What are some types of reaction?
Addition, elimination and substitution
What is an addition reaction?
An atom/molecule is added to a compound
What is a substitution reaction?
An atom/group of atoms is replaced by another atom/group of atoms in a compound
What is an elimination reaction?
Removal of a smaller molecule from a larger one