Respiratory System

• Supply cells with oxygen - Remove carbon dioxide waste

• Inhaling and Exhaling - Mucas lining and hairs (cilia) prevents foreign objects entering, warms the air and filters out impurities

• Secondary point of inhaling and exhaling - Common tube of transport for both respiratory and digestive system

• Common tube of transport for both respiratory and digestive system

• A passageway for air movement - Contains vocal chords for speech

• Hinged valve controlling air movement into tracea and food into oesophagus • Prevents the reverse

• Tube for air movement • Armoured with cartridge rings to prevent collapse • Contains glands to moisten air and trap particle

• Exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen and vice versa • Each lung is inside 2 membranes called the pleura • The right Lung is 3 lobes, while the left has 2 due to the heart

• 2 branches from the end of trachea, one to each lung as well of major subdivisions of these • Also contains glands and cartlidge

• Smaller subdivisions of Bronchi - Air in Bronchioles is at body temprature, filtered and moisturised

• Air sacs that are one cell thick • Look like grapes • Closely linked to capillaries • Used for gas exchange

• protects lungs and thoracic organs - Used with intercostal muscles during breathing

• Muscles between ribcage that contract and relax during breathing

• Dome shaped muscle in bottom of ribcage - Forms floor of thorcic cavity and roof of abdominal cavity

• To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide there must be a method for bringing air into and out of the lungs • Includes the processes of inspiration and expiration

• Breathing relies on the passive ovement of air from areas of high pressure to areas of low prssure

• Taking air into the lungs • Air flows from high pressure to low pressure • Lung volume increases, lowering air pressure in the lungs

• Diaphragm contracts, extending the chest cavity downwards • External intercostal muscles contract extending the rib cage upwards and outwards • The internal intercostal muscles relax • As the pleura adheres to the internal wall of the chest cavity the lungs expand with the rib cage • Air pressure now lower than the outside lungs causing air to flow in through the nose and trachea until air pressure stabilises

• Moving air out of the lungs -

• Moving air out of the lungs • Air flows from high to low pressure • Lung volume decreases, increasing air pressure in the lungs • Diaphragm relaxes, pushing the chest cavity upwards • The internal intercostal muscles contract moving rib cage downwards and inwards • External intercostal muscles relax

• At rest the diaphragm is mainly responsible for changes in chest volume • During heavier breathing movements of the rib cage become more important

• If the Pleura is damaged it can impact on lung expansion and cause significant pain

• Shortness of breath (especially at night) • Wheezing - a whistling or hissing sound when breathing out • Coughing - may be chronic( usually at night or when exposed to dry air) • Chest tightness

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