Atomic Bonding and Structure
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Who first proposed the nuclear atom?
Rutherford
Who altered the model of the nuclear atom to allow electrons to follow certain paths?
Bohr
How much smaller is the diameter of the nucleus to that of the whole atom?
10000 times
What parts of an atom are found in the nucleus?
Protons and neutrons
What part of the atom orbits the nucleus, and where do they orbit?
Electrons, in layers called shells
What is the capacity of the first electron shell?
2 electrons
What are the capacities of the second and third electron shells?
8 electrons
What are the relative masses of the parts of the atom?
Proton - 1 Neutron - 1 Electron - 0/ negligible
What are the relative charges of the parts of the atom?
Proton - +1 Neutron - 0 Electron - -1
Why is an atom neutral?
There is the same number of positive protons as negative electons
What is the atomic number?
The number of protons (equal to the number of electrons)
What is the mass number?
The number of protons plus the number of neutrons
How are electron arrangements written?
E.g. 2,8,8,2 This means there are 2 electrons in the first shell, 8 in the second, 8 in the third and 2 in the fourth
How is the periodic table arranged?
Metals on the left, transition metals in the middle and non-metals on the right
What does the group of an element tell you?
The amount of electrons in the element’s outer shell
What does the period of an element tell you?
The amount of outer shells the element has
What is an ion?
A positively or negatively charged atom
Do metals gain or lose electrons when they form an ion?
Lose
Do non-metals gain or lose electrons when they form an ion?
Gain
How many electrons have the following ions gained or lost? • Cl- • Ca2+ • N3- • Li+
• Gained 1 • Lost 2 • Gained 3 • Lost 1
What type of bonding happens between two metal elements?
Metallic bonding
What type of bonding happens between a metal and a non-metal element?
Ionic bonding
What type of bonding happens between two non-metal elements?
Covalent bonding
What happens in ionic bonding?
One or more atoms of a single element give electrons to another atom or atoms of another element, so that they all have a full outer shell. The atoms giving the electrons become positively charged, and the atoms receiving the electrons become negatively charged. They are bonded together, as opposite charges attract.