Chapter 4
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When two or more elements combine to form a compound…
an entirely new substance results
chemical bond
A chemical bond is the force that holds atoms together in a compound.
Why do chemical bonds occur
Chemical bonds form because they lower the potential energy of the charged particles that compose atoms.
When does a chemical bond form
If the interactions lead to an overall net reduction of potential energy between the charged particles
Chemical bonding is split into two types?
ionic and covalent
ionic bond
The bond that forms between a metal and a nonmetal
ionic compound
a regular three-dimensional array—of alternating cations and anions.
covalent bond
The bond that forms between two or more nonmetals
molecular compounds
A compound composed of two or more covalently bonded nonmetals
chemical formula
The quickest and easiest way to represent a compound
empirical formula
An empirical formula indicates the relative number of atoms of each element in a compound
molecular formula
A molecular formula indicates the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound.
structural formula
A structural formula uses lines to represent covalent bonds and shows how atoms in a molecule are connected or bonded to each other
ball-and-stick molecular model
represents atoms as balls and chemical bonds as sticks; how the two connect reflects a molecule’s shape.
space-filling molecular model
atoms fill the space between each other to more closely represent best estimates for how a molecule might appear if scaled to visible size
Acetate
C2H3O2(1-)
Hypochlorite
CLO (1-)
Carbonate
CO3 (2-)
Chlorite
CLO2 (1-)
Hydrogen Carbonate
HCO3 (1-)
Chlorate
CLO3 (1-)
hydroxide
OH (1-)
Perchlorate
CLO4 (1-)
Nitrite
NO2 (1-)