Homonid Evolution
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Key points about Australopithecus afarensis
• Lived 3.9-2.8 mya • from east Africa • diastema • large, specialised teeth • saggital crest • prognathic jaw • sloped forehead • predominant brow ridges -long arms • curved fingers and toes
Key features of Australopithecus africanus
• 3.2 - 2 mya • South Africa • no diastema • large teeth (smaller than afarensis) • smaller supraorbital ridge • arched forehead • prognathic jaw • light build
Let features of Homo habilis
• 2.3-1.5 mya • south & east Africa • round skull • small brow ridge • teeth in parabolic arch • moderate prognathism • slightly robust skeleton • slightly curved fingers • able to perform precision grip
Key features of Paranthropus Robustus
• 1.8-1.2 mya • Southern Africa • zygomatic arches • saggital crest • heavy brow ridges
Key features of homo erectus
-china & indonesia - low, sloping forehead - defined brow ridges - thick jaw but no chin 1.8mya - 100,000ya
Key features of homo neanderthalensis
-Europe & Middle East - 28,000 - 300,000 ya - occipital bun - brow ridges - prognathic jaw - barrel-shaped rib cage - wider shoulders Same height as sapiens
Key features of homo sapiens
• 300,000ya - present • shirt jaw • chin • small, unspecialised teeth • height - 160(f) - 175(m) • straight fingers and toes • oval shaped ribcage
Hominid species matched with tool type
Homo sapiens- upper Palaeolithic Neanderthalensis- mousterian Erectus - acheulian Habilis - oldowan
Mousterian tools
Made using Levallois method Neanderthals
Acheulian tools
Type of hand axe flaked on all edges - erectus
Oldowan tools
Sharpened tolls made by striking rocks against each other - habilis, maybe Australopithecus
Trends in tool use
• more manipulation of materials • increase complexity over time • greater variety over time • more specialisation over time
When was fire first used
Homo erectus - 1.8 mya - 100,000 ya
What’s Levallois technique
The process of producing a flake from a stone core. Normally has a flat side and a sharp side