Introduction To Organic Chem
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Organic Chemistry is all about what?
Carbon compounds
What does the general formula of organic compounds show you and give examples
An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds. E.g alcohols = CnH2n+1OH
What does the empirical formula of organic compounds show you and give examples
The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. E.g ethane C2H6 = CH3
What does the molecular formula of organic compounds show you and give examples
The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule e.g C4H10 (butane)
What does the structural formula of organic compounds show you and give examples
Show the atoms carbon by carbon with the attached hydrogens and functional groups. E.g CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
What does the skeletal formula of organic compounds show you and give examples
Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only with functional groups. Hydrogen and carbon atoms are not shown which makes it easier to draw cyclic hydrocarbons
What does displayed formula of organic compounds show you and give examples
Shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them, see physical flash cards for examples
What is a homologous series?
A sequence of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties
What is the general formula for alkanes
CnH2n+2
Name 8 homologous series and their suffixes/ prefixes
• Alkanes-ane • Alkenes- ene • Carboxylic acids- oic acid • Branched alkanes- alkyl • Halogenoalkanes- fluoro/chloro/Bromo/iodo • alcohols- ol • aldehydes- al • Ketones- one
Give the steps for naming organic compounds
• Count the longest consecutive carbon chain and deduce the prefix • Look for the functional group and decide the suffix • Number the functional group (if required) • look for additional groups e.g CH3: methyl, ethyl,propyl • Number the additional things • Put the name together • Di, tri, tetra
How has IUPAC naming contributed to organic compounds
Scientific ideas can be communicated across the globe more effectively.
Give the functional group for alkanes, alkanes, Haloalkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, Carboxylic acids
• C-H • C=C • C-X x, is any halogen • CHO • C(O) • COOH
How many bonds does a carbon atom have in alkane so that means they are what?
4 single bonds so they are saturated
Draw the structure of cyclohexane
Check physical flash cards to see if you got it right
What is another word for petroleum
Crude oil
What type of hydrocarbons are found in petroleum
Alkanes
What is the process of separating crude oil?
Fractional distillation
Describe in 4 steps how fractional distillation works
• Crude oil is vaporized at 350*C • Vaporized crude oil goes into the fractionating column and rises up the trays. Larger hydrocarbons don’t vaporize due to high boiling points so the run to the bottom of the column to form a gooey residue. • As vapour rises up the column it gets cooler. Because alkanes have different chain lengths which lead to different boiling points so each faction condenses at different columns • Hydrocarbons with the lowest hydrocarbons don’t condense, they’re drawn off as gases at the top
What is cracking?
Cracking is breaking long-chain alkanes into smaller hydrocarbons. It involves breaking c-c bonds
Why are less popular heavier fractions cracked?
Because they are not high in demand and therefore less valuable
What are the two types of cracking
Thermal and catalytic
Describe thermal cracking
• High temperature and pressure • Produces lots of alkenes and few alkanes • Alkenes are used to make polymer e.g plastics and polyethene made from ethene >1000C at 70 atm
Describe catalytic cracking
• Uses a zeolite catalyst at a slight pressure and high temperature, 450C • Produces aromatic hydrocarbons and motor fuels *Using a catalyst lowers costs cause it speeds up the rate of reaction saving time since it can be done at low pressure and temperature