CP3(C4)

– this is thought to protect the wax layer from abrasion of foreign subjects

– prevent loss of water; important in the resistance to invasion of pathogens; main barrier to the penetration of insecticides.

– barrier between old and new cuticle during molting

innermost layer

– a group of soluble proteins

– forms a rubber-like framework, found sometimes in pure form in skeletal articulations

– stabilized proteins responsible for the hard, horny character of the cuticle

are the chemical messengers of multicellular organisms that allow the cells to communicate and engage in coordinated responses.

Two types of endocrine organs in insects

– mainly within the central nervous system

– corpora cardiaca, corpora allata and prothoracic glands

Are maybe modified motor neurons which act to link the central nervous system with epithelial endocrine glands whose secretions control differentiation

Arise embryologically as ingrowths of the dorsal wall of the stomodeum

Always found associated with the corpora cardiac but are true epithelial glands

Develop in close association with the salivary glands as ingrowths of the ectoderm in the labium

• the basic functional unit of the nervous system • consists of a cell body, one or more axons and dendrites

• have a single stalk from the cell body that connects with the axon

• cell body bears an axon & a single, branched or unbranched dendrite

• have an axon and several branched dendrites

Neurons ‘communicate’ with one another & with other cells either electrically or chemically via neurotransmitters through small space called _________.

Area where neurons are concentrated

Composed of a double chain of ganglia joined by longitudinal connectives

connects to the ventral chain of ganglia via two connectives that travel around the pharynx.

is highly complex & innervates the sense organs & muscles associated the mouthparts, salivary glands & neck region.