Organic Synthesis
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What 5 things are found in QuickFit apparatus?
Round bottom or pear shaped flask Receiver Screw tap adaptor Condenser Still head
What is reflux used for?
Heating reactants without boiling off solvent, reactants or products
When is a water bath used in reflux?
When the reaction can be carried out at a temperature lower than 100C
Why are heating mantles often used instead of Bunsen burners?
No naked flame If the reactant is flammable it cannot cause a fire Provides an added level of safety
What is the role of anti-bumping granules?
Contents boil smoothly preventing glassware vibrating violently
What is the role of grease on the condenser?
A good seal So that the apparatus comes apart easily at end of experiment
Why is a stopper never placed in a condenser?
Build up of pressure as heated air expanded Could result in explosion
What does heating under reflux allow for?
Liquid to be continually boiled Prevents volatile liquids escaping Continually condensed
What is distillation used for?
Separate a pure liquid from its impurities
How do you identify the aqueous layer in a separating funnel?
Add distilled water and aqueous layer will grow in size
What is a separating funnel used for?
Separating immiscible liquids
How do you remove acid impurities?
Add aqueous sodium carbonate and shake Remove CO2 produced Separate
What is a drying agent?
An anhydrous inorganic salt that readily takes up water to become hydrated
Give 3 examples of drying agents and there use
Calcium chloride- drying hydrocarbons Calcium sulfate- general drying Magnesium sulfate- general drying
What is the point of redistillation?
Removes impurities when organic compounds have relatively similar boiling points
What is organic synthesis?
The preparation of complex molecules from simple starting materials
How do you convert alkenes to alcohols?
Steam 300C Phosphoric Acid Catalyst
How do you convert alkenes to haloalkanes?
Hydrogen halide
How do you convert alkenes to alkanes?
H2 Nickel Catalyst
How do you convert alcohols to alkenes?
Concentrated sulfuric acid
How do you convert haloalkanes to alcohols?
NaOH Reflux
How do you convert alcohols to haloalkanes?
Sodium halide Sulfuric acid catalyst
How do you convert a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid?
Acidified potassium dichromate Reflux
How do you convert a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?
Acidified potassium dichromate Distillation