Atomic Structure
No description yet. This curated deck is ready for daily study.
Card preview (23)
How does energy relate to shell number?
The further the energy level is from the nucleus, the higher its number (n) and the higher its energy
Atomic orbital
An atomic orbital represents a region of space where there is a high probability of finding an electron
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
Not possible to know, at the same time, the exact position and momentum of an electron we can only state the probability that an electron will be somewhere in a given region of space. For an atomic orbital, the probability stated is usually 95%.
Pauli exclusion principle
Simply put, two electrons can only occupy the same atomic orbital if they have opposite spins
In what way is an electron filled in the Aufbau principle
The 1s sub-level has the lowest energy, therefore, it is filled first.
Which Orbitals have more energy, S or P?
Within a given main energy level, s orbitals are of lower energy than p orbitals and fill first
What are the energy levels with a sub-level like?
The atomic orbitals within a sub-level are of equal energy (known as degenerate orbitals). This includes the three p orbitals in the 2p, 3p and 4p sub-levels and the five d orbitals in the 3d sub-level.
Are there overlaps in the Aufbau principle?
Yes, There is an overlap between the 3d and 4s sub-levels. This means that the 4s sub-level is of lower energy and fills before the 3d sub-levels
Order of the Aufbau principle?
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s
Is there an overlap in the order of sub-levels?
Yes, There is an overlap between the 3d and 4s sub-levels. This means that the 4s sub-level is of lower energy and fills before the 3d sub-levels
Exceptions to the Aufbau Principle
Chromium: (24) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 Copper: (29) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10
Frequency and wavelength equation
c = vλ
Explain why some elements have several isotopes and others like fluorine have only one isotope?
The other Isotopes of Monoisotopic elements are unstable The large elements are unstable An increasing number of neutrons is required to stabilize a nucleus that is packed with protons so heavier elements have more isotopes Fluorine is not a large element
What is the name of the instrument used to distinguish between 14N and 15N? What are the two characteristic differences that we see?
The Mass Spectrometer N14 AND N15 will have different abundances and different mass/charge ratios in the mass Spectrum of N.
Predict and explain, giving two reasons, how the first ionization energy of 15N would be different to 14N?
The ionization energy of both Isotopes of N would be the same Neutrons don’t affect Ionization energy They still have the same electronic configuration
Explain the difference between a continuous spectrum and a line spectrum?
A continuous wavelength shows all wavelengths in a spectrum A line Spectrum doesn’t show all the wavelengths
The shape of a 1S atomic orbital?
Circle
The shape of a 2P atomic Orbital?
Infinity sign
Describe the relationship between colour, energy, frequency and wavelength in the visible spectrum?
The Visible Spectrum ranges from Red to Blue/Violet Light From Red to Blue, the energy and frequency increases but the wavelength decreases
What are the four shell orbitals in order of increasing energy?
S,P,D,F
What are the number of atomic orbitals in S,P,D,F?
4S = 1 4P = 3 4D= 5 4F = 7
Relative Atomic Mass?
Average mean of masses of all isotopes of an element relative to the element
Mass Spectrometry?
Ionization: sample bombarded with high-energy or high-speed electrons Acceleration: electric fields/ oppositely charged plates Deflection: magnet