Lesson 1: Origin & Structure of the Earth, the Universe and the Solar System
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“Ordinary” matter consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons that comprises atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, and other bodies.
Baryonic Matter
Matter that has gravity but does not emit light.
dark matter
A source of anti-gravity; a force that counteracts gravity and causes the universe to expand.
dark energy
An early stage in the formation of a star resulting from the gravitational collapse of gases
Protostar
A nuclear fusion reaction responsible for the energy produced by stars
Thermonuclear Reaction
Stars that fuse Hydrogen atoms to form Helium atoms in their cores; outward pressure resulting from nuclear fusion is balanced by gravitational forces.
Main Sequence Stars
A large unimaginable expanse of gas, stars, dust clouds, and consists of planets and galaxies.
Universe
The structure of the universe is composed of: a) 63.4% - dark energy; 27% - dark matter; 9.6% - Baryonic Matter b) 71% - dark energy; 24.4% - dark matter; 4.6% - Baryonic Matter c) 60% - dark energy; 20% - dark matter; 20% - baryonic matter d) 71.4% - dark energy; 24% - dark matter; 4.6% - Baryonic Matter
d) 71.4% - dark energy; 24%- dark matter; 4.6% - Baryonic Matter
What are the three most abundant elements in the universe? a) Hydrogen, Helium, Beryllium b) Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium c) Hydrogen, Lithium, Beryllium d) Hydrogen, Aluminum, Iron
b) Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium
the building block of galaxies and is born out of clouds of gas and dust in galaxies
Stars
the hot core of a future star as thermonuclear reactions set in
Protostar
It is the contraction of an astronomical object due to the influence of its own gravity. It is a fundamental mechanism for structure formation in the universe.
Gravitational Collapse
These are like furnaces where elements are synthesized or combined/fused together. Most stars such as the sun belong to the so called “main sequence stars”. In the cores of such stars, hydrogen atoms are fused through thermonuclear reactions to make helium atoms.
Stellar Interiors
A star’s energy comes from combining light elements into heavier elements by fusion, also called ________
Nuclear Burning or Nucleosynthesis
What are the four main kinds of galaxies?
Elliptical, Spiral, Irregular, and Barred Spiral
Based on recent data, how old is the universe?
Around 13.8 billion years old
The diameter of the universe is possibly infinite but should be at least ______________
91 billion light years
It is the distance light can travel in a year; a unit of length used to measure astronomical distance
Light Years
What is approximately the density of the universe?
• 5 x 10^-31 g/cm^3 (according to resource book) 9. 9 x 10^-30 g/cm^3 (according to wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov)
It is a cluster of billions of stars and clusters of galaxies to form super clusters.
Galaxies
It is the currently accepted theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. It postulates that 12 to 14 billion years ago, the portion of the universe we can see today was only a few millimetres across. It has since expanded from this hot dense state into the vast and much cooler cosmos we currently inhabit.
The Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang Theory rests on what two main principles?
Theory of General Relativity & the Cosmological Principle
__________ assumes that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic.
The Cosmological Principle
___________ generalizes Isaac Newton’s theory of gravity; describes gravity no longer as a gravitational “field” but rather it is supposed to be a distortion of space and time itself.
Theory of General Relativity