Evolution
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4 basis of natural selection
1) heritable variation 2) competition for resources 3) reproductive success varies 4) organisms adapt with environment
Mechanisms for modification
Gene variation Pressure at individual level
Gene
Unit of heredity Passed from partner to offspring
Genetic fitness
Individuals ability to reproduce relative to others. More for= ability to spread more genes
Adaptation
Evolve trait better visited to environment. Result of natural selection.
Traits between two species link them together. Share a common ancestor
Transitional species
Linked fish and amphibians
Tetrapods
Similar structures inherited from common ancestor
Homologous structures
Similar structures Originated independently
Analogous structures
Structure important for ancestor Remains in derived species
Vestigial structures
Antibiotic resistant bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus Penicillin and methicillin resistant
Biogeographic evidence
Similarities in global strata All continents were connected and split apart
Marsupials in Australia
Egg laying- marsupial pouch- placenta Placental mammals outcompeted marsupials in South America.
Species definition
Group of same kind of organism in a population May breed to produce viable offspring Do not breed with other kinds
Speciation
Formation of two species from one
Allopathic speciation
Geographic isolation. Physical barrier Adaptive radiation
Sympatric specidtion
Within same area Gene flow Sexual selection Habitat differentiation
Gene flow types
Polyploidy: >2 chromosome copies Autopolyploid: cell division error. Tetraploid cells. Self pollination Allopolyploid: Asexual reproduction. Interbreeding with sterile hybrids.
Pre-zygotic barriers
Temporal Habitat Behavioral Mechanical Gametic
Habitat isolation
Pre zygotic Limit mating 2 species with 2 habitats within same area. Rare encounters
Temporal isolation
Pre-zygotic prevents mating Seasonal breeding.
Behavioral isolation
Pre-zygotic Prevents mating Specific mating rituals
Mechanical isolation
Pre-zygotic prevents fertilization Mismatched anatomy prevents fertilization
Gametic isolation
Pre-zygotic prevents fertilization Morphology of sperm or biochemical barrier.