Properties and Bonding Overview

High • Many strong forces to overcome before the ions can be freed from their positions in the lattice

Low • Many strong forces to overcome before the ions can be freed from their positions in the lattice

Solid state: insulators • Have no freely moving charged particles (locked into lattice) Molten/aqueous state: conductors • Charged ions can carry an electric current because free to move.

• Can easily form bonds to polar solvent molecules Soluble in polar solvents Insoluble in non-polar solvents

Low • Bonds between molecules weak • Only requires a small quantity of heat energy to break electrostatic attraction

Volatile • Bonds between molecules weak • Only requires a small quantity of heat energy to break electrostatic attraction

Not conductive • No charged particles

Non-polar do not dissolve in polar solvents (except water) Non-polar covalent compounds will dissolve only in non-polar solvents

Extremely high • Many strong forces to overcome before the ions can be freed from their positions in the lattice

Low in all solvents

Low • Many strong forces to overcome before the ions can be freed from their positions in the lattice

Depends on the availability of electrons in the valence shell (e.g. graphite)