A.1.3 Transport

Transport gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones and heat to and from various tissues.

55% it is a fluid with a mixture of water and dissolved substances

1% helps to repair during the process of injuries - blood clotting

1% they are called leukocytes and helps with the immune system to protect the body from infections

45% they are called erythrocytes, they carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carry carbon dioxide to the lungs to exhale

• The respiratory system enables the transport and exchange of oxygen for use in cellular respiration. • allows the body to take in oxygen (O₂) and remove carbon dioxide (CO₂) • Air travels from the nose or mouth through the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles to the alveoli, where gas exchange happens by diffusion

• Gas exchange in the lungs is doen by a process known as diffusion. • Gas exchange is the process of supplying oxygen (O₂) to the blood and removing carbon dioxide (CO₂). • When you breathe in, oxygen concentration is higher in the alveoli so it diffuses into the blood. Carbon dioxide concentration is higher in the blood, so it diffuses into the alveoli and is breathed out.

• Pulmonary gas exchange is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli of the lungs. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.

• Ventilation during exercise is the process of increasing breathing to bring more oxygen into the lungs and remove more carbon dioxide during physical activity. • Minute ventilation= Tidal volume x respiration rate

Blood is transported around the body through an extensive network of bloodvessels

• Carry blood away from the heart • Have thick elastic, muscular walls to withstand high pressure • Have a narrow lumen (central space) • Usually carry oxygenated blood (except the pulmonary artery)

• Carry blood towards the heart • Operate at low pressure • Have thin walls with less muscle and elastic tissue • Have a wide lumen to allow easier blood flow • Contain valves to prevent backflow • Usually carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein)

• Connect arteries to veins Site of gas exchange, nutrient delivery, and waste removal • Have very thin walls (one cell thick) • Allow diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients • Have a very narrow lumen, often only one red blood cell wide • Form large networks around tissues to increase exchange surface area

The heart is a four-chamber duble-pump system. The atrium recives blood from a vein and then pushes it into a larger and thicker-walled ventricle. The ventricle pushes blood out of the heart into an artery for transport away from the heart. The valves ensure that the system oporates in one direction and enable heart muscle contractions

The superior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body (head, neck, and arms) back to the right atrium of the heart.

The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body (legs, abdomen, and pelvis) back to the right atrium of the heart.

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (Bundle of His) is a group of specialised fibres in the heart that carry the contraction signal from the atria to the ventricles. This ensures the ventricles contract after the atria, allowing efficient pumping of blood.

Located between the left atrium and the left ventricle, and acts as a barrier that opens and closes to regualte the flow of blood

Valve between the left ventricle and aorta that opens to let blood out of the heart and closes to stop backflow.

Valve between the right atrium and right ventricle that opens to let blood flow into the ventricle and closes to stop backflow into the atrium.

transports blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery opens to let blood go to the lungs and closes to prevent backflow into the heart.

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the blood vessels as the heart pumps. Its main function is to keep blood moving around the body so oxygen and nutrients reach the muscles and organs, and carbon dioxide and waste products are removed.

Blood flow distribution is how blood is directed to different parts of the body depending on demand. At rest, more blood goes to organs like the digestive system, while during exercise, more blood is sent to the working muscles, heart, and skin. This ensures oxygen and nutrients are delivered where they are needed most and helps regulate body temperature and remove waste products efficiently.

Acute cardiovascular responses to exercise are short-term changes in the heart and blood vessels during exercise. Heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output all increase to deliver more oxygen to working muscles. Blood pressure also rises, and blood flow is redirected from less active organs to the muscles.