Cardiovascular
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What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?
Transport of gases Nutrients Hormones Heat Waste
Explain the transport of gases
picking up oxygen in the lungs and delivering it to tissues, while simultaneously collecting carbon dioxide from tissues and expelling it in the lungs
Explain nutrients
blood delivers nutrients absorbed from food to cells for energy and repair. Glucose from the digestive system → used by cells for energy (ATP).
Explain hormones
Blood acts as a delivery system for hormones produced by endocrine glands. Allows hormones to reach target organs quickly so the body can coordinate complex processes like growth, metabolism, and stress responses.
Explain heat
Blood helps distribute and regulate body temperature.
Explain waste
The blood removes metabolic waste products from cells. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cellular respiration is carried by the blood to the lungs, where it’s exhaled. Prevents toxic buildup in tissues and maintains a healthy internal environment (homeostasis).
Define heart rate
The number of times the heart beats per minute
Define stroke volume
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat
Define cardiac output
The total amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute
How do you calculate heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output?
Cardiac output = HR * SV
How does cardiac output change with exercise intensity and training status?
It increases as heart rate and stroke volume rise to supply muscles with more oxygen Trained individuals have higher stroke volume and lower resting heart rate
Compare heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output between trained vs untrained individuals, males vs. females, and adults vs. children
Males generally have slightly higher resting heart rates and stroke volumes than females due to heart size
What is the intrinsic control of the heart?
The hearts natural rhythm set by the sinoatrial (SA) node and atrioventricular (AV) node
What does the SA node do?
It acts as the hearts natural pacemaker, initiating electrical impulses
What is extrinsic control of the heart?
Regulation of heart rate by the autonomic nervous system and hormones like adrenaline (epinephrine)
How does adrenaline affect heart rate?
It increases heart rate and cardiac output during stress or exercise
What happens to blood flow during exercise?
Blood is redistributed to working muscles and away from areas like the digestive system
What is cardiovascular drift?
A gradual increase in heart rate and decrease in stroke volume during prolonged exercise due to dehydration and heat
What is systolic blood pressure?
The pressure in arteries when the heart contracts
What is diastolic blood pressure
The pressure in arteries when the heart relaxed between beats
What’s the % change mean and how do you calculate it?
measures the relative difference between an old value and a new value New value - original value / original value
What is standard deviation?
How much the data values vary (spread out) from the mean Small SD = consistent results Large SD = less consistent
What does intrinsic control mean?
a self-regulating mechanism originating from within a system itself, rather than from external influences
What does extrinsic control mean?
the regulation of an organ or system by factors outside of itself, primarily the nervous and endocrine systems