Topic 3: Biomolecules
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What is a structural isomer?
Different structure but same formula
What is a geometric (stereoisomerism) isomer?
Same formula but cis and trans
What is an optical isomer?
Non-superimposable mirror images of same molecule (enantiomers)
What functional groups do sugar molecules contain?
Alcohol (OH) and Aldehyde (COH)
Are sugar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic
Strongly Hydrophilic
What isomers can sugar have?
Structural, stereo and optical
What functional groups do Nucleotides contain?
Alcohol (OH), Amine (NH2), Phosphate (PO4-), Purine, furanose
Are Nucleotides hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
The purine is hydrophobic but over all the molecule is hydrophilic
What isomers can Nucleotides have?
stereo, at the 1’ and 4’ position
What functional groups do Amino acids contain?
Carboxylic acid (COOH), Amine (NH2)
Are Amino acids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophilic
What isomers can an Amino acid have?
Optical, chiral centre at an alpha-carbon
What functional groups do Fatty acids contain?
Carboxylic acid (COOH), alkene (C=C), Alkyl (C-C)
Are Fatty acids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Strongly hydrophobic
What isomers can Fatty acids have?
Stereo at C=C (cis and trans), also structural isomers.
What is an ionic bond?
When two atoms have so unequal interactions, the two result in oppositely charged ions called Cations (positive) and Anions (negative). The attraction between Cations and Anions is what causes an Ionic bond.
What orbital overlaps in a covalent bond?
1s
What is a covalent bond?
The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
What happens when atoms increase in electronegativity?
The higher the electronegativity the stronger an atoms pulls shared electrons towards itself.
In a covalent bond of the same element electrons shared equally because ? Is this polar or non polar?
They have the same electronegativity - Non-polar covalent bond.
What is a polar covalent bond?
If the electrons in the bond are not shared equally
What is “half-life”?
Half-life is the time is takes for 50% of the parent isotope to decay into the daughter isotope.
Is Half-life a fixed rate?
Yes