Topic 8 - Acids, Bases and Salts
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What is a base?
Bases are proton (H+) acceptors.
Is a base soluble?
Bases can either be soluble or insoluble in water. A soluble base is an alkali.
What is an alkali?
Soluble bases are known as alkalis, which are substances that release hydroxide (OH-) ions in aqueous solutions.
Examples of alkalis?
Alkalis are typically metal hydroxides.
Examples of bases?
Bases are typically metal oxides and metal carbonates.
What is the pH scale?
The pH scale is used to measure a substance’s ability to donate or accept a proton (H+).
What is an acid?
Acids are proton (H+) donors.
Examples of acids?
Nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid
What do acids form in water?
Acids form hydrogen (H+) ions when they dissolve in water.
What do bases form in water?
Bases form hydroxide (OH-) ions when they dissolve in water.
What pH is acidic?
<7
What pH is neutral?
7
What pH is basic?
> 7
What is a strong acid?
An acid with a high ability to donate H+ ions and fully ionises in water e.g. Hydrochloric Acid.
What is a weak acid?
An acid with a low ability to donate H+ ions that doesn’t fully ionise in water e.g. Ethanoic Acid.
What is a strong base?
A base with a high ability to accept H+ ions that fully ionises in aqueous solutions e.g. Sodium/Potassium Hydroxide.
What is a weak base?
A base with a low ability to accept H+ ions that doesn’t fully ionise in aqueous solutions e.g. Ammonia.
What is ionisation?
Ionisation is the forming of ions, usually when reacting with water.
What is a concentrated acid?
Concentrated acids have a high number of moles of H+ ions per unit volume.
What is a dilute acid?
Dilute acids have a low number of moles of H+ ions per unit volume.
What is a concentrated base?
Concentrated bases have a high number of moles of OH- ions per unit volume.
What is a dilute base?
Dilute bases have a low number of moles of OH- ions per unit volume.
What are indicators?
Substances that change colour when they are added to acidic or basic solutions e.g. Litmus Paper
What colour is Litmus Paper in acids?
Red