PHYSICAL CHEM - EQUILIBRIA
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What does dynamic equilibrium mean?
• the rates of forwards and backwards reactions are equal • the concs of reactants and products are constant
What is a closed system?
a system in which no particles can enter/leave
What is Le Chatelier’s principle?
If the conditions of a reaction at equilibrium are changed, equilibrium will shift to counteract the change
How does a increase in conc of a reactant affect equilibrium?
if conc of a reactant is increased, equilibrium shifts to the right to counteract the change by making more of the product
How does a decrease in conc of a reactant affect equilibrium?
if conc of a reactant is decreased, equilibrium shifts to the left to counteract the change by making more of the reactant
How does a increase in conc of a product affect equilibrium?
if conc of a product is increased, equilibrium shifts to the left to counteract the change by reducing amount of product
How does a decrease in conc of a product affect equilibrium?
if conc of a product is decreased, equilibrium shifts to the right to counteract the change by making more of the product
How does increasing pressure of a reaction involving gases affect equilibrium?
increasing pressure causes equilibrium to shift to the side with fewer gas molecules/fewer moles of gas to reduce pressure
How does decreasing pressure of a reaction involving gases affect equilibrium?
decreasing pressure causes equilibrium to shift to the side with more gas molecules/more moles of gas to increase pressure
How does increasing temp of a reaction affect equilibrium?
increasing temp causes equilibrium to shift in the endothermic direction in order to decrease temp
How does decreasing temp of a reaction affect equilibrium?
decreasing temp causes equilibrium to shift in the exothermic direction in order to increase temp
How does the presence of a catalyst affect equilibrium?
• no effect on the position of equilibrium • equilibrium is reached faster if a catalyst is present
What is Kc?
the equilibrium constant
What are the conditions for the haber process?
• temp: 450°C • pressure: 200 atm • iron catalyst
Why is a compromise temp used in the haber process?
• higher temp would decrease the yield, as the reaction is exothermic • low temp would decrease rate of reaction