Respiratory and circulatory system

• mucous membrane warms, filters and moistens the air cilia help eliminate particles • contains smell receptors (olfactory)

• air from nasal cavity pass through here • muscular tubular structure • epiglottis is here - controls whether air or food passes • air ⇒ trachea and food ⇒ oesophagus

• carriers air to and from the lungs • tubular organ formed: rings of cartilage + smooth muscle • cartilage - prevents tube collapsing in low pressure • lined with cells possessing cilia (filters air) • microscopic hair like projections

• 2 primary bronchi, one for each lung • divides into smaller tubes called bronchioles - secondary and tertiary • c-shaped cartilage rings • bronchi smaller= cartilage more spread out

• tertiary broken down even more → bronchioles • continue to spilt into millions (terminal bronchioles) • do not contain cartilage • smooth muscle and elastin→ flow of air • cilia and mucus present

• occupy all the chest cavity except the space taken up by the heart • left lung= 2 lobes right lung = three lobes • covered by a pleural membrane ← lines inside of chest • pleural fluid between the two layers hold the lungs against the inside of the chest

• alveoli - thin sacs of cells surrounded by capillaries • carries air to lungs from trachea • filter air - mucus laden cilia trap dust + foreign particle • helps maintain the inflation of alveoli between inspiration • gas exchange occurs here • tiny air sacs enclosed in blood capillaries • site for gaseous exchange between internal + external environments

forms the framework for the chest

muscle that operates the chest from the abdomen

• last step is breathing in the air 1a muscles contract, pushing ribcage up and outwards b. The diaphragm contracts, extending chest cavity downwards 2: lung volume increases and pressure decreases 3: air flows from higher to lower pressure in lungs

• last step is breathing out 1a. ribcage moves down and inward b. diaphragm relaxes, pushing up into the chest cavity 2. lung volume decreases and higher pressure inside 3. air flows from higher pressure in lungs to lower pressure outside

• a short tubular structure reinforced with cartilage • air forced over VC(vocal cord) → vibrates + produces sound

• alveoli gives lungs huge internal surface area- quicker in shorter time • each alveolus is supplied with blood vessels- (close) flow of continuous blood helps maintain a difference in concentrations of O and CO2 • membrane that forms the alveolus is very thin- gas molecules do not need to travel far to move blood in and out

*air = high O-> high to low conc. * blood in capillaries-> lungs by pulmonary arteries The blood that comes into the capillaries around the alveoli has a low concentration of oxygen, which is lower then the concentration in the air in the alveolus Oxygen dissolves in the moisture off the inside of the alveolus and diffuses through the membrane , the walls of the capillaries and into the blood The concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveolar capillaries is higher than the concentration in the air in the alveolus. - Therefore, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the air in the alveolus carbon dioxide forced out during expiration.

• the constant flow of blood through the capillaries: As the blood flowing through the capillaries around each alveolus picks up oxygen and loses carbon dioxide, it is replaced by more blood being pumped into the capillaries. This new blood is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide, so the concentration gradient is maintained • the movement of air into and out of the alveoli as we breathe in and out: The air that has picked up carbon dioxide from, and lost oxygen from the blood is replaced by ‘new air with each breath. The ‘new air is low in carbon dioxide and high in oxygen.

disease usually caused by long term exposure to irritating particles in the air taken into the lungs. smokers constantly inhale irritants in tobacco smoke The irritating particles cause damage to the alveoli→ lose elasticity +replaced with fibrous tissues= reducing surface area - lungs constantly inflated, breathing is no longer passive but voluntary - cannot be cured once the damage has begun.

medical condition that causes difficulty breathing due to a narrowing of the airways. this occurs due to: • the smooth muscles contracting,narrowing the airway • inflammation casing the lining of the airways to thicken, narrowing diameter • mucus filling the airway, narrowing the tube Ashma can be allergic response or non allergic triggers include:respiratory infection, cigarette, smoke, allergen’s- dust, moulds, pollens, animals, exercise, cold weather, smoke stressor even some foods • during attack the muscles that surround the bronchioles go into a spasm, which is sudden involuntary contractions →narrowing the air passage and causing difficulty breathing

the body’s transport system , consisting of the heart , blood, blood vessels, lymph and lymph vessels

55% plasma 40%- red blood cells 4% platelets 1%- white bloods cells

• transporting gases (O + CO2) • transport of waste products (to kidney) and nutrients (DTS → cells) • helping remove toxins from body and regulating body temp • protection of immune system and prevention of blood loss

• Mixture of water with dissolved substances such as sugar and salts function is to transport the components of blood, including cells , nutrients , wastes , hormones, proteins and antibiotics, throughout body

• 40-45% volume-percentage→ haemltocrit Cells are biconcave shape- flattened in the middle on both sides • no nucleus =increase flexibility , affects life span 120 days average • function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the cell throughout the body • unable to duplicate (mitosis) • contains DNA required for protein synthesis • unable to repair itself or replace denatured enzymes

• fragments from cytoplasm or megakaryocytic • shape varies - round, oval, spikey • involved in the clotting process • heals wounds + prevents blood loss • helps repair damaged vessels • PLTs stain bluish w/ reddish or purplish

• largest BC and makes up 1% of blood • protects the body from infection • primary cells of immune system • fights diseases + foreign invaders • certain WBC produce antibodies • contains nucleus w/ DNA